Cover: Exploring Chemical Analysis, 5th Edition by Daniel C. Harris
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Exploring Chemical Analysis

Fifth Edition ©2012 Daniel C. Harris

Exploring Chemical Analysis provides an ideal one-term introduction to analytical chemistry for students whose primary interests generally lie outside of chemistry. Combining coverage of all major analytical topics with effective problem-solving methods, it teaches students how to understand
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Cover: Exploring Chemical Analysis, 5th Edition by Daniel C. Harris

Exploring Chemical Analysis provides an ideal one-term introduction to analytical chemistry for students whose primary interests generally lie outside of chemistry. Combining coverage of all major analytical topics with effective problem-solving methods, it teaches students how to understand analytical results and how to use quantitative manipulations, preparing them for the problems they will encounter in fields from biology to chemistry to geology.

Features

Consistent Approach to Problem Solving
By providing Test Yourself questions (which break down problem-solving to more elementary steps) at the end of each worked example, students can check their understanding of the concepts covered in each worked example.

Integrated Spreadsheet Applications
The text can be used without ever opening a spreadsheet application, but the early introduction of spreadsheets allows more flexibility.  Problems marked with a spreadsheet icon denote problems that can be answered with a spreadsheet. 
 
Consistent Approach to Problem Solving
By providing Test Yourself questions (which break down problem-solving to more elementary steps) at the end of each worked example, students can check their understanding of the concepts covered in each worked example.
 
Chapter Openers show the relevance of analytical chemistry to the real world and to other disciplines of science. 
 
 

New to This Edition

New Applications scattered through the book include:
• solid-phase extraction for the measurement of caffeine
• measuring the common cold virus with an imprinted polymer on a quartz crystal microbalance
• a precipitation titration conducted on the Phoenix Mars Lander
• updated classroom data from a saltwater aquarium
• microdialysis in biological sampling, measuring pH of oceans and rivers by spectrophotometry with indicators
• continued highlighting of the effects of increasing carbon dioxide in the air and ocean
• a description of the lithium-ion battery
• how perchlorate was discovered on Mars with ion-selective electrodes
• protein immunosensing with solid-state ion-selective electrodes
• X-ray photoemission from the peeling of tape
• how a home pregnancy test works
• laser-ablation atomic emission on Mars
• lead isotopes in archaeology
• bisphenol A in food containers
• measuring trans fat in food with an ionic liquid gas chromatography stationary phase
• chromated copper arsenate preservative in wood
• preconcentration of trace elements from seawater
• simultaneous separation of anions and cations
• detecting contaminated heparin
• DNA profiling with a lab on a chip
 
New topics in this edition include:
• The F test for comparison of variance is introduced early in the chapter on statistics. 
• The meaning of statistical hypothesis testing is explained with an example from epidemiology.
• Propagation of uncertainty for pH is described.
• New topics in liquid chromatography include ultra-performance liquid chromatography, superficially porous particles, hydrophilic interaction chromatography, a waveguide absorbance detector, and an illustration of the charged aerosol detector. 
• An improved diagram showing the working of an electronic balance and a photograph of the optical train of an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer are included.
 
Updated instructions for Excel spreadsheets to Excel 2007.

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Table of Contents

Chapter 0 The Analytical Process
Cocaine Use?  Ask the River
0-1  The Analytical Chemists Job
0-2   General Steps in a Chemical Analysis
  Box 0-1 Constructing a Representative Sample

Chapter 1 Chemical Measurements
Biochemical Measurements with a Nanoelectrode
1-1 SI Units and Prefixes
  Box 1-1 Exocytosis of Neurotransmitters
1-2 Conversion Between Units
1-3 Chemical Concentrations
1-4 Preparing Solutions
1-5 The Equilibrium Constant
Chapter 2 Tools of the Trade
Catching a Cold with a Quartz Crystal Microbalance
2-1 Safety, Waste Disposal, and Green Chemistry
2-2 Your Lab Notebook
  Box 2-1  Dan’s Lab Notebook Entry
2-3 The Analytical Balance
2-4 Burets
2-5 Volumetric Flasks
2-6 Pipets and Syringes
2-7 Filtration
2-8 Drying
2-9 Calibration of Volumetric Glassware
2-10 Methods of Sample Preparation
  Reference Procedure:  Calibrating a 50-mL buret
Chapter 3 Math Toolkit
Experimental Error
3-1 Significant Figures
3-2 Significant Figures in Arithmetic
3-3 Types of Error
  Box 3-1 What Are Standard Reference Materials?
  Box 3-2 Case Study:  Systematic Error in Ozone Measurement
3-4 Propagation of Uncertainty
3-5 Introducing Spreadsheets
3-6 Graphing in Excel
Chapter 4 Statistics
Is My Red Blood Cell Count High Today?
4-1 The Gaussian Distribution
4-2 Comparison of Standard Deviations with the F Test
  Box 4-1 Choosing the Null Hypothesis in Epidemiology
4-3 Students t
4-4 A Spreadsheet for the t test
4-5 Grubbs Test for an Outlier
4-6 Finding the “Best” Straight Line
4-7 Constructing a Calibration Curve
4-8 A Spreadsheet for Least Squares
Chapter 5 Quality Assurance and Calibration Methods
The Need for Quality Assurance
5-1 Basics of Quality Assurance
  Box 5-1 Control Charts 
5-2 Validation of an Analytical Procedure
5-3 Standard Addition
5-4 Internal Standards
Chapter 6 Good Titrations
Titration on Mars
6-1 Principles of Volumetric Analysis
6-2 Titration Calculations
6-3 Chemistry in a Fishtank
  Box 6-1 Studying a Marine Ecosystem
6-4 Solubility Product
  Box 6-2 The Logic of Approximations
6-5 Titration of a Mixture
6-6 Titrations Involving Silver Ion 
  Demonstration 6-1  Fajans Titration
Chapter 7 Gravimetric and Combustion Analysis
The Geologic Time Scale and Gravimetric Analysis
7-1 Examples of Gravimetric Analysis
  Box 7-1 Shorthand for Organic Structures
7-2 Precipitation
  Demonstration 7-1  Colloids, Dialysis, and Microdialysis
7-3 Examples of Gravimetric Calculations
7-4 Combustion Analysis
Chapter 8 Introducing Acids and Bases
Acid Rain
8-1 What Are Acids and Bases?
8-2 Relation Between [H+], [OH-], and pH
8-3 Strengths of Acids and Bases
  Demonstration 8-1  HCl Fountain
8-4 pH of Strong Acids and Bases
8-5 Tools for Dealing with Weak Acids and Bases
8-6 Weak-Acid Equilibrium
  Box 8-1 Quadratic Equations
  Demonstration 8-2  Acid Rain Chemistry
8-7 Weak-Base Equilibrium

Chapter 9 Buffers
Measuring pH of Natural Waters with Acid-Base Indicators
9-1 What You Mix Is What You Get
9-2 The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
9-3 A Buffer in Action
  Box 9-1 Strong Plus Weak Reacts Completely
  Demonstration 9-1  How Buffers Works
9-4 Preparing Buffers
9-5 Buffer Capacity
9-6 How Acid-Base Indicators Work
  Demonstration 9-2  Indicators and Carbonic Acid
  Box 9-2 The Secret of Carbonless Copy Paper
Chapter 10 Acid-Base Titrations
Kjeldahl Nitrogen Analysis: Chemistry Behind the Headlines
10-1 Titration of Strong Base with Strong Acid
10-2 Titration of Weak Acid with Strong Base
10-3 Titration of Weak Base with Strong Acid
10-4 Finding the End Point
10-5 Practical Notes
10-6 Kjeldahl Nitrogen Analysis
10-7 Putting Your Spreadsheet to Work
  Reference Procedure:  Preparing standard acid and base
Chapter 11 Polyprotic Acids and Bases
Carbon Dioxide in the Air
11-1 Amino Acids Are Polyprotic
11-2 Finding the pH in Diprotic Systems
  Box 11-1 Carbon Dioxide in the Ocean
11-3 Which Is the Principal Species?
11-4 Titrations in Polyprotic Systems
  Box 11-2 What is Isoelectric Focusing?
Chapter 12 A Deeper Look at Chemical Equilibrium
Chemical Equilibrium in the Environment
12-1 The Effect of Ionic Strength on Solubility of Salts
  Demonstration 12-1  Effect of Ionic Strength on Ion Dissociation
12-2 Activity Coefficients
12-3 Charge and Mass Balances
12-4 Systematic Treatment of Equilibrium
  Box 12-1 Aluminum Mobilization From Minerals by Acid Rain
12-5 Fractional Composition Equations
Chapter 13 EDTA Titrations
Chelation Therapy and Thalassemia
13-1 Metal-Chelate Complexes
13-2 EDTA
  Box 13-2 Notation for Formation Constants
13-3 Metal Ion Indicators
  Demonstration 13-1  Metal Ion Indicator Color Changes
13-4 EDTA Titration Techniques
  Box 13-3  What Is Hard Water?
13-5 The pH-Dependent Metal-EDTA Equilibrium
13-6 EDTA Titration Curves
Chapter 14 Electrode Potentials
Lithium-Ion Battery
14-1 Redox Chemistry and Electricity
  Demonstration 14-1  Electrochemical Writing
14-2 Galvanic Cells
  Demonstration 14-2  The Human Salt Bridge
14-3 Standard Potentials
  Box 14-1 Why Biochemist Use E°
14-4 The Nernst Equation
14-5 E° and the Equilibrium Constant
14-6 Reference Electrodes
Chapter 15 Electrode Measurements
How Perchlorate Was Discovered on Mars
15-1 The Silver Indicator Electrode
  Demonstration 15-1  Potentiometry with an Oscillating Reaction
15-2 What Is a Junction Potential?
15-3 How Ion-Selective Electrodes Work
15-4 pH Measurement with a Glass Electrode
  Box 15-1 Systematic Error in Rainwater pH Measurement
15-5 Ion-Selective Electrodes
  Box 15-2 Ammonium Ion-Selective Microelectrode
  Box 15-3 Protein Immunosensing by Ion-Selective Electrodes with Electrically Conductive Polymers
Chapter 16 Redox Titrations
High-Temperature Superconductors
  Box 16-1 Environmental Carbon Analysis and Oxygen Demand
16-1 Theory of Redox Titrations
  Demonstration 16-1  Potentiometric Titration of Fe2+ with MnO-4
16-2 Redox Indicators
16-3 Titrations Involving Iodine
  Box 16-2 Disinfecting Drinking Water with Iodine
Chapter 17 Instrumental Methods in Electrochemistry
A Biosensor for Personal Glucose Monitoring
17-1 Electrogravimetric and Coulometric Analysis
17-2 Amperometry
17-3 Voltammetry
17-4 Polarography
Chapter 18 Let There Be Light
The Ozone Hole
18-1 Properties of Light
18-2 Absorption of Light
  Box 18-1 Discovering Beers Law
  Demonstration 18-1  Absorption Spectra 
18-3 Practical Matters
18-4 Using Beers Law
  Box 18-2 Designing a Colorimetric Reagent to Detect Phosphate
Chapter 19 Spectrophotometry: Instruments and Applications
Flu Virus Identification with an RNA Array and Fluorescent Markers
19-1 The Spectrophotometer
19-2 Analysis of a Mixture
19-3 Spectrophotometric Titrations
19-4 What Happens When a Molecules Absorbs Light?
  Demonstration 19-1  In Which Your Class Really Shines
19-5 Luminescence in Analytical Chemistry
  Box 19-1 How Does a Home Pregnancy Test Work?
 
Chapter 20 Atomic Spectroscopy
Historical Record of Mercury in the Snow Pack
20-1 What is Atomic Spectroscopy?
  Box 20-1 Atomic Emission Spectroscopy on Mars
20-2 Atomization: Flames, Furnaces, and Plasmas
20-3 How Temperature Affects Atomic Spectroscopy
20-4 Instrumentation
20-5 Interference
20-6 Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry

Chapter 21 Principles of Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry
Bisphenol A
21-1 What is Chromatography?
21-2 How We Describe a Chromatogram
21-3 Why Do Bands Spread?
  Box 21-1 Polarity
21-4 Mass Spectrometry
  Box 21-2 Volatile Flavor Components of Candy
  Box 21-3 Bisphenol A in Canned Foods
21-5 Information in a Mass Spectrum
Chapter 22 Gas and Liquid Chromatography
Protein Electrospray
22-1 Gas Chromatography
22-2 Classical Liquid Chromatography
22-3 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
22-4 Sample Preparation for Chromatography
Chapter 23 Chromatographic Methods and Capillary Electrophoresis
Chromated Copper Arsenate Wood Preservative
23-1 Ion-Exchange Chromatography
   Box 23-1 Applications of Ion Exchange
23-2 Ion Chromatography
23-3 Molecular Exclusion Chromatography
23-4 Affinity Chromatography
23-5 What is Capillary Electrophoresis?
23-6 How Capillary Electrophoresis Works
23-7 Types of Capillary Electrophoresis
  Box 23-2 What is a Micelle?
23-8 Lab on a Chip:  DNA Profiling
 
Glossary
Appendix A:  Solubility Products
Appendix B:  Acid Dissociation Constants
Appendix C:  Standard Reduction Potentials
Appendix D:  Oxidation Numbers and Balancing Redox Equations
Solutions to "Ask Yourself" Questions
Answers to Problems
Index
Headshot of Daniel C. Harris

Daniel C. Harris

Dan Harris was born in Brooklyn, NY in 1948.  He earned degrees in Chemistry from MIT in 1968 and Caltech 1973 and was a postdoc at Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York.  After teaching at the University of California at Davis from 1975-1980 and at Franklin and Marshall College from 1980-1983, he moved to the Naval Air Systems Command at China Lake, California, where he is now a Senior Scientist and Esteemed Fellow.  While teaching analytical chemistry at Davis, he wrote his lectures in bound form for his students.  This volume caught the attention of publishers representatives wandering through the college bookstore.  The first edition of Quantitative Chemical Analysis was published in 1982.  The first edition of Exploring Chemical Analysis came out in 1996.  Both have undergone regular revision.  Dan is also co-author of Symmetry and Spectroscopy published in 1978 by Oxford University Press and now available from Dover Press.  His book Materials for Infrared Windows and Domes was published by SPIE press in 1999.  Dan and his wife Sally were married in 1970.  They have two children and four grandchildren.  Sallys work on every edition of the books is essential to their quality and accuracy.