A provocative essay that challenged the superiority of civilized society and modern government, Jean-Jacques Rousseaus Discourse on the Origin and Foundations of Inequality made him an outcast among fellow Enlightenment thinkers but stands today as one of the most important political texts in Western history. Helena Rosenblatts new translation, introduction, and selection of related documents help students comprehend why Rousseaus criticisms of human nature, political hierarchy, and private property were so controversial in his time yet later were hailed as a foundation of democracy. The introduction explores life experiences that shaped Rousseaus philosophy, explains contemporary ideas about political authority and social order, and guides students through Rousseaus thought, including explanations of how his work anticipated theories about evolution and inspired leaders of the French Revolution. Related primary documents -- including a selection from Rousseaus Social Contract -- situate Rousseaus ideas in contemporary political and social thought. Questions for consideration, a chronology of Rousseaus life and work, and a selected bibliography enrich students understanding of the man and his times.