Chapter 8:
China
and the World: East Asian
Connections, 500–1300 |
|
I. |
Together Again:
The Reemergence of a Unified
China |
|
A. |
A “Golden Age” of
Chinese Achievement |
|
|
1. |
Sui (589–618), Tang
(618–907), & Song (960–1279) |
|
|
2. |
Bureaucracy and exam system |
|
|
3. |
Economic boom, population
growth, and urbanization |
|
|
4. |
Hangzhou |
|
B. |
Women in the Song
Dynasty |
|
|
1. |
Tang freedoms, Song
patriarchy |
|
|
2. |
Weak and distracting |
|
|
3. |
Foot binding |
|
|
4. |
Changing job opportunities |
|
C. |
Cultures in
Transit |
|
|
1. |
Buddhism on the road |
|
|
2. |
New forms of Buddhism:
Mahayana |
|
II. |
China and the
Northern Nomads: A Chinese World Order in the Making |
|
A. |
The Tribute
System in Theory |
|
|
1. |
China
as the “middle kingdom” |
|
|
2. |
Tribute missions and kowtows
for gifts and prestige |
|
|
3. |
A way to manage barbarians |
|
B. |
The Tribute
System in Practice |
|
|
1. |
Nomadic raids into
China |
|
|
2. |
“Gifts” to Xiongnu and Turkic
nomads |
|
C. |
Cultural
Influence across an Ecological Frontier |
|
|
1. |
Chinese agriculture and lifestyle not possible
in the steppes |
|
|
2. |
Southern people absorbed into
Chinese culture |
|
|
3. |
Turkic influence on Tang and
Song courts and military |
|
|
4. |
Culture of “western
barbarians” fashionable in Tang |
|
|
5. |
Nativist backlash in the
south |
|
III. |
Coping with
China: Comparing
Korea,
Vietnam, and
Japan |
|
A. |
Korea
and
China |
|
|
1. |
Silla (688–900), Koryo (918–1392),
and Yi (1392–1910) |
|
|
2. |
Tribute, Confucian students,
and Confucian patriarchy |
|
|
3. |
Yet distinctly Korean |
|
B. |
Vietnam
and
China |
|
|
1. |
1,000 years of
Chinese rule (111 B.C.E.–939 C.E.) |
|
|
2. |
Sinicization of
the elite |
|
|
3. |
Independent
tribute state |
|
|
4. |
Many
Southeast Asia cultural practices |
|
C. |
Japan and
China |
|
|
1. |
Voluntary and selective
borrowing |
|
|
2. |
Shotoku Taishi (572–622) |
|
|
3. |
Decentralized state creates
the Samurai |
|
|
4. |
Buddhism and Shinto |
|
|
5. |
Relative freedom of elite women |
|
IV. |
China and the
Eurasia World Economy |
|
A. |
Spillovers:
China’s Impact on
Eurasia |
|
|
1. |
Salt making, paper, and
printing |
|
|
2. |
Gunpowder and the compass |
|
|
3. |
Finished goods from
China, commodities to
China |
|
B. |
On the Receiving
End:
China as Economic Beneficiary |
|
|
1. |
Cotton, sugar, and faster
rice |
|
|
2. |
Persian windmills and
Buddhist printing |
|
|
3. |
Cosmopolitan cities,
respected merchants, and monkey gods |
|
V. |
China and
Buddhism |
|
A. |
Making Buddhism
Chinese |
|
|
1. |
Foreignness of Buddhism |
|
|
2. |
Social instability and
Buddhist comforts |
|
|
3. |
Translating words and
concepts |
|
|
4. |
Mahayana and the Pure
Land
School |
|
|
5. |
Sui emperor Wendi and state
support |
|
B. |
Losing
State Support: The
Crisis of Chinese Buddhism |
|
|
1. |
Resentment of
wealth, withdrawal, and foreignness |
|
|
2. |
An Lushan
rebellion (755–763) |
|
|
3. |
Han Yu’s
Confucian counter-attack (819) |
|
|
4. |
Imperial
persecution (841–845) |
|
|
5. |
A Confucian
thinking cap, a Daoist robe, and Buddhist sandals |
|
C. |
Multi-polar ancient economy |