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A History of World Societies, Concise Edition, Volume 2
Twelfth Edition ©2021
Long praised by instructors and students for its accessible regional chapter structure, readability, and sustained attention to social history, the Twelfth Edition of A History of World Societies includes even more features and tools to engage todays students and save instructors time. The...
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An affordable, full-color world history text that offers a regional and global approach that highlights society and culture.
Long praised by instructors and students for its accessible regional chapter structure, readability, and sustained attention to social history, the Twelfth Edition of A History of World Societies includes even more features and tools to engage todays students and save instructors time. The Concise Edition includes the unabridged narrative, primary sources in each chapter, a full-color map and art program, and comprehensive supplement options, including Achieve and a free companion sourcebook.
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"A History of World Societies is as good as you will find on the market today. It has an admirable balance of breadth vs. depth and regional vs. global coverage. It is concise enough that students will read it but there is still enough coverage for a survey class."
— Thomas Doumaux, Pitt Community College
"A History of World Societies is a well-rounded and comprehensive approach to world history. The regional approach allows the student to digest this seemingly gargantuan subject rather easily as it is separated into easily understood and straightforward sections. I would recommend this textbook to any world history instructor because it is organized and written in a way that promotes student success."
— Brian C. Johnson, Kilgore College
"A History of World Societies compares people, religions, and governing structures from all around the world in a sensitive and insightful way. It distinguishes itself in its accessibility to students with the goal of helping them build a framework to better understand the world."
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Table of Contents
The Combined Volume includes all chapters.
Volume 1 includes Chapters 1-16.
Volume 2 includes Chapters 16-33.
Contents
Preface
Versions and Supplements
Maps, Figures, and Tables
Special Features
16
The Acceleration of Global Contact
1450–1600
The Afro-Eurasian Trade World
The Trade World of the Indian Ocean • Peoples and Cultures of Southeast Asia • Muslim Influences and African Trade • Genoese and Venetian Middlemen
The European Voyages of Discovery
Causes of European Expansion • Technology and the Rise of Exploration • The Portuguese in Africa and Asia • Spain’s Voyages to the Americas • Spain "Discovers" the Pacific • Early Exploration by Northern European Powers
Conquest and Settlement
Spanish Conquest of the Aztec and Inca Empires • Portuguese Brazil • Colonial Administration • Economic Exploitation of the Indigenous Population • Patterns of Settlement
The Era of Global Contact
Population Loss and the Ecological Impacts of Contact • Sugar and Early Transatlantic Slavery • Spanish Silver and Its Economic Effects • The Birth of the Global Economy
Changing Attitudes and Beliefs
Religious Conversion • European Debates About Indigenous Peoples • New Ideas About Race
Chapter Summary
MAKE Connections, LOOK AHEAD
REVIEW AND EXPLORE
Primary Source Features
Analyze Written Evidence Columbus Describes His First Voyage
Compare Viewpoints Aztec and Spanish Views on Christian Conversion in New Spain
Individuals in Society Catarina de San Juan, Former Slave and Popular Saint
17
The Islamic World Powers
1300–1800
The Islamic Empires: The Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals
Environmental Challenges • The Expansion of the Ottoman Empire • Land-Holding, Slavery and Imperial Administrations • The Safavid Empire in Persia • The Mughal Empire in India
Religious Developments
Religious Legitimacy and Orthodoxy • Sufism • Non-Muslims Under Muslim Rule
Cultural Flowering
The Arts • City and Palace Building • Gardens • Intellectual Advances
New Patterns of Trade and European Penetration
New Forms of Consumption • The Impact of Gunpowder • European Trade in Asia and the Islamic Powers’ Response • From the British East India Company to the British Empire in India
Political Decline
Chapter Summary
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Primary Source Features
Analyze Visual Evidence Coffee Drinking
Compare Viewpoints Mughal and French Views on Priorities for Monarchs
Individuals in Society Hürrem, Concubine, Empress, and Counselor
18
European Power and Expansion
1500–1750
The Protestant and Catholic Reformations
The Protestant Reformation • The Catholic Reformation • Religious Violence
Seventeenth-Century Crisis and Rebuilding
The Social Order and Peasant Life • Environmental, Economic, and Social Crisis • The Thirty Years’ War • European Achievements in State-Building
Absolutist States in Western and Central Europe
Spain • The Foundations of French Absolutism • Louis XIV and Absolutism • The Wars of Louis XIV • The Absolutist Palace • The Austrian Habsburgs
Alternatives to Absolutism
The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth • The Failure of Absolutism in England • The Puritan Protectorate • Constitutional Monarchy • The Dutch Republic
Colonial Expansion and Empire
The Dutch Trading Empire • Colonial Empires of England and France • Mercantilism and Colonial Wars • People Beyond Borders
The Russian Empire
Mongol Rule in Russia and the Rise of Moscow • Building the Russian Empire • Peter the Great and Russia’s Turn to the West
Chapter Summary
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Primary Source Features
Analyze Written Evidence Peter the Great and Foreign Experts
Compare Viewpoints Descriptions of Louis XIV of France and the Kangxi Emperor of China
Individuals in Society Glückel of Hameln, Mother and Businesswoman
19
New Worldviews and Ways of Life
1540–1790
The Scientific Revolution
The Muslim Contribution • Scientific Thought to 1550 • Astronomy and Physics • Newton’s Synthesis • Natural History and Empire • Magic and Alchemy
Important Changes in Scientific Thinking and Practice
The Methods of Science • Medicine, the Body, and Chemistry • Science and Religion • Science and Society
The Rise and Spread of Enlightenment
The Early Enlightenment • The Influence of the Philosophes • Enlightenment Movements Across Europe
Key Issues of Enlightenment Debate
Global Contacts • New Definitions of Race • Women and the Enlightenment • Enlightened Absolutism and Its Limits
Economic Change and the Atlantic World
Economic and Demographic Change • The Atlantic Economy • Urban Life and the Public Sphere • Culture and Community in the Atlantic World • The Atlantic Enlightenment
Chapter Summary
Connections, LOOK AHEAD
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Primary Source Features
Analyze Visual Evidence Frontispiece to De On the Structure of the Human Body
Compare Viewpoints Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Mary Wollstonecraft on Women’s Nature
Individuals in Society Rebecca Protten, Mixed-Race Missionary
20
Africa and the World
1400–1800
West Africa in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries
The West Coast: Senegambia and Benin • The Sudan: Songhai, Kanem-Bornu, and Hausaland • Agriculture, Gender, and Marriage in West Africa • Trade and Industry
Cross-Cultural Encounters Along the East African Coast
Muslim and European Incursions in Ethiopia, ca. 1500–1630 • The Swahili City-States and the Arrival of the Portuguese, ca. 1500–1600
The African Slave Trade
The Institution of Slavery in Africa • The Transatlantic Slave Trade • Impact on African Societies
Chapter Summary
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Primary Source Features
Analyze Visual Evidence Lamu Old Town, Lamu Island, Kenya
Compare Viewpoints European Descriptions of Timbuktu and Jenne
Individuals in Society Olaudah Equiano, Slave to Abolitionist
21
Continuity and Change in East Asia
1400–1800
Ming China, 1368–1644
The Rise of Zhu Yuanzhang and the Founding of the Ming Dynasty • Problems with the Imperial Institution • The Mongols and the Great Wall • The Examination Life • Everyday Life in Ming China • Ming Decline
The Manchus and Qing China, to 1800
The Rise of the Manchus • Competent and Long-Lived Emperors • Imperial Expansion
Japan’s Middle Ages, ca. 1400–1600
Muromachi Culture • Civil War • The Victors: Nobunaga and Hideyoshi
The Tokugawa Shogunate, to 1800
Tokugawa Government • Commercialization and the Growth of Towns • The Life of the People in the Edo Period
Maritime Trade, Piracy, and the Entry of Europe into the Asian Maritime Sphere
Zheng He’s Voyages • Piracy and Japan’s Overseas Adventures • Europeans Enter the Scene • Christian Missionaries • Learning from the West • The Shifting International Environment in the Eighteenth Century
Chapter Summary
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Primary Source Features
Analyze Written Evidence Control of Locusts
Compare Viewpoints Chinese and European Commentators on Urban Amusements
Individuals in Society Tan Yunxian, Woman Doctor
22
Revolutions in the Atlantic World
1775–1825
Background to Revolution
Social Change • Demands for Liberty and Equality • The Seven Years’ War
The American Revolutionary Era, 1775–1789
The Origins of the Revolution • Independence from Britain • Framing the Constitution • Limitations of Liberty and Equality
Revolution in France, 1789–1799
Breakdown of the Old Order • The National Assembly • Constitutional Monarchy • The National Convention • The Directory
Napoleon’s Europe, 1799–1815
Napoleon’s Rule of France • Napoleon’s Expansion in Europe • The Grand Empire and Its End
The Haitian Revolution, 1791–1804
Revolutionary Aspirations in Saint-Domingue • The Outbreak of Revolt • The War of Haitian Independence
Revolutions in Latin America
The Origins of the Revolutions Against Colonial Powers • Resistance, Rebellion, and Independence • The Aftermath of Revolution in the Atlantic World
Chapter Summary
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Primary Source Features
Analyze Written Evidence Abigail Adams, "Remember the Ladies"
Compare Viewpoints Declarations of Independence: The United States and Venezuela
Individuals in Society Vincent Ogé, Free Man of Color and Revolutionary
23
The Revolution in Energy and Industry
1760–1850
The Industrial Revolution in Britain
Why Britain? • Technological Innovations and Early Factories • Steam Power and the Energy Revolution • Breakthrough • Steam-Powered Transportation • Industry and Population
Industrialization in Europe and the World
National and International Variations • Industrialization in Continental Europe • Agents of Industrialization • The Global Picture
New Patterns of Working and Living
Work in Early Factories • Working Families and Children • The Sexual Division of Labor • Living Standards for the Working Class • Environmental Impacts of Industrialization
Relations Between Capital and Labor
The New Class of Factory Owners • Responses to Industrialization • The Early Labor Movement in Britain • The Impact of Slavery
Chapter Summary
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Primary Source Features
Analyze Visual Evidence Rain, Steam and Speed –– the Great Western Railway
Compare Viewpoints Indian Cotton Manufacturers
Individuals in Society Samuel Crompton, Inventor and Unsuccessful Entrepreneur
24
Ideologies of Change in Europe
1815–1914
A Conservative Peace Gives Way to Radical Ideas
The Political and Social Situation After 1815 • Conservatism After 1815 • Liberalism and the Middle Class • The Growing Appeal of Nationalism • The Birth of Socialism
Reforms and Revolutions, 1815–1850
Social and Economic Conflict • Liberal Reform in Great Britain • Revolutions in France •
The Revolutions of 1848 in Central Europe
Nation Building in Italy, Germany, and Russia
Cavour, Garibaldi, and the Unification of Italy • Bismarck and German Unification • The Modernization of Russia
Urban Life in the Age of Ideologies
Improving the Urban Environment • Social Inequality and Class • The Changing Family • Science for the Masses • Cultural Shifts
Nationalism and Socialism, 1871–1914
Trends in Suffrage • The German Empire • Republican France • Great Britain and the Austro-Hungarian Empire • Jewish Emancipation and Modern Anti-Semitism • The Socialist Movement
Chapter Summary
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Primary Source Features
Analyze Written Evidence Stefan Zweig on Middle-Class Youth and Sexuality
Compare Viewpoints German and Italian Views on Nationalism
Individuals in Society George Sand, Novelist Who Defied Gender Roles
25
Africa, the Ottoman Empire, and the New Imperialism
1800–1914
Africa: From the Slave Trade to European Colonial Rule
Trade and Social Change • Islamic Revival and Expansion in Africa • The Scramble for Africa, 1880–1914 • Southern Africa in the Nineteenth Century • Colonialism’s Impact After 1900
The New Imperialism, 1880–1914
Causes of the New Imperialism • A "Civilizing Mission" • Critics of Imperialism • African and Asian Resistance
The Islamic Heartland Under Pressure
Decline and Reform in the Ottoman Empire • Egypt: From Reform to British Occupation •
The Expanding World Economy
The Rise of Global Inequality • The World Market
The Great Global Migration
Chapter Summary
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Primary Source Features
Analyze Visual Evidence Pears’ Soap Advertisement
Compare Viewpoints The Congo Free State
Individuals in Society Tippu Tip, Afro-Arab Slave Trader and Diplomat
26
Asia and the Pacific in the Era of Imperialism
1800–1914
India and the British Empire in Asia
The Evolution of British Rule • The Socioeconomic Effects of British Rule • The British and the Indian Educated Elite
Competition for Southeast Asia
The Dutch East Indies • Mainland Southeast Asia • The Philippines
China Under Pressure
The Opium War • Internal Problems • The Self-Strengthening Movement • Republican Revolution
Japan’s Rapid Transformation
The "Opening" of Japan • The Meiji Restoration • Industrialization • Japan as an Imperial Power
The Pacific Region and the Movement of People
Settler Colonies in the Pacific: Australia and New Zealand • Asian Emigration
The Countries of Asia in Comparative Perspective
The Impact of Foreign Domination • Environmental and Economic Forces
Chapter Summary
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Primary Source Features
Analyze Written Evidence Fukuzawa Yukichi, "Escape from Asia"
Compare Viewpoints Chinese and British Efforts to Reduce Infant Deaths
Individuals in Society José Rizal, Filipino Polymath and Revolutionary
27
The Americas in the Age of Liberalism
1810–1917
New Nations
Liberalism and Caudillos in Spanish America • Mexico and the United States • Liberal Reform in Mexico • Brazil: A New World Monarchy
Slavery and Abolition
Slave Societies in the Americas • Independence and Abolition • Abolition in Cuba and Brazil
Export-Led Growth and Social Unrest
Latin America Re-enters the World Economy • The Porfiriato and Liberal Stability in Mexico • The Mexican Revolution
Immigration
Immigration to Latin America • Immigration to the United States • Immigration to Canada • Settler Colonialism and its Impacts
A New American Empire
U.S. Intervention in Latin America • The Spanish-American War • The Panama Canal
Chapter Summary
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Primary Source Features
Analyze Visual Evidence Slaves Sold South from Richmond, 1853
Compare Viewpoints Perspectives on the Mexican-American War
Individuals in Society Henry Meiggs, Promoter and Speculator
28
World War and Revolution
1914–1929
The First World War, 1914–1918
Origins and Causes of the Great War • The Outbreak of War • Stalemate and Slaughter • The War Becomes Global
The Home Front
Mobilizing for Total War • The Social Impact of War • Growing Political Tensions
The Russian Revolution
The Fall of Imperial Russia • The Provisional Government • Lenin and the Bolshevik Revolution • Dictatorship and Civil War
The War’s Consequences
The End of the War • The Paris Peace Treaties • American Rejection of the Versailles Treaty
The Search for Peace and Political Stability, 1919–1929
Germany and the Western Powers • Hope in Foreign Affairs • Hope in Democratic Government
The Age of Anxiety
Uncertainty in Philosophy and Religion • The New Physics • Freudian Psychology • Twentieth-Century Literature • Modern Architecture, Art, and Music • Movies and Radio
Chapter Summary
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Primary Source Features
Analyze Written Evidence The Experience of War
Compare Viewpoints British and Canadian Poetry of the Great War
Individuals in Society Vera Brittain, Author, Feminist, Pacifist
29
Nationalism in Asia
1914–1939
The First World War’s Impact on Nationalist Trends
Asian Reaction to the War in Europe • The Mandates System • Nationalism’s Appeal
Nationalist Movements in the Middle East
The Arab Revolt • The Turkish Revolution • Modernization Efforts in Persia and Afghanistan • Gradual Independence in the Arab States • Arab-Jewish Tensions in Palestine
Toward Self-Rule in India
British Promises and Repression • The Roots of Militant Nonviolence • Gandhi’s Resistance Campaign in India
Nationalist Struggles in East and Southeast Asia
The Rise of Nationalist China • China’s Intellectual Revolution • From Liberalism to Ultranationalism in Japan • Japan Against China • Striving for Independence in Southeast Asia
Chapter Summary
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Primary Source Features
Analyze Visual Evidence The Fate of a Chinese Patriot
Compare Viewpoints Gandhi and Mao on Revolutionary Means
Individuals in Society Ning Lao, a Chinese Working Woman
30
The Great Depression and World War II
1929–1945
The Great Depression, 1929–1939
The Economic Crisis • Mass Unemployment • The New Deal in the United States • The European Response to the Depression • Worldwide Effects
Authoritarian States
Conservative Authoritarianism • Radical Totalitarian Dictatorships
Stalin’s Soviet Union
From Lenin to Stalin • The Five-Year Plans • Life and Culture in Soviet Society • Stalinist Terror and the Great Purges
Mussolini and Fascism in Italy
The Seizure of Power • The Regime in Action
Hitler and Nazism in Germany
The Roots of Nazism • Hitler’s Road to Power • The Nazi State and Society • Hitler’s Popularity • Aggression and Appeasement, 1933–1939
The Second World War, 1939–1945
Hitler’s Empire in Europe, 1939–1942 • The Holocaust • Japan’s Asian Empire • The Grand Alliance • The War in Europe, 1942–1945 • The War in the Pacific, 1942–1945
Chapter Summary
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Primary Source Features
Analyze Written Evidence Ultranationalist Pamphlet for Japanese Students
Compare Viewpoints Socialism and the Working Class
Individuals in Society Primo Levi, Writer and Holocaust Survivor
31
Decolonization, Revolution, and the Cold War
1945–1968
The World Remade
The Cold War • The United Nations • The Politics of Liberation • Dependency and Development Theories • Interpreting the Postcolonial Experience
Nation Building in South Asia and the Middle East
Independence in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh • Arab Socialism in the Middle East • The Arab-Israeli Conflict
Revolution and Resurgence in East and Southeast Asia
The Communist Victory in China • Conflict in Korea • Japan’s American Reconstruction • The Vietnam War
Decolonization in Africa
The Growth of African Nationalism • Ghana Shows the Way • Countries Emerging from French Rule
Populist and Revolutionary Pathways in Latin America
Economic Nationalism in Mexico • Populism in Argentina and Brazil • Communist Revolution in Cuba
The Limits of Postwar Prosperity
The Soviet Union Struggles to Move Beyond Stalin • Postwar Challenges in Western Europe and the United States • The World in 1968
Chapter Summary
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Primary Source Features
Analyze Visual Evidence Poster Art in Communist China
Compare Viewpoints U.S. and Latin American Views on Development
Individuals in Society Nawal El Saadawi, Public Health Advocate in Egypt
32
Liberalization and Liberation
1968–2000s
Oil Shocks and Liberalization
The OPEC Oil Embargo • Mexico Under the PRI • Nigeria, Africa’s Giant • The Camp David Accords and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict • Revolution and War in Iran and Iraq
Latin America: Dictatorship, Debt, and Democratization
Civil Wars in Central America • Boom and Bust in Chile • The Dirty War in Argentina • Development and Dictatorship in Brazil
Gender, Race and Liberation
Gay Liberation • Second-Wave and Third World Feminism • Pan-Africanism, Black Power and the African Diaspora
Resistance to White Rule in Southern Africa
Portuguese Decolonization and Rhodesia • South Africa Under Apartheid • Political Change in Africa Since 1990
Growth and Development in Asia
Japan’s Economic Miracle and the Emergence of the "Asian Tigers" • China’s Economic Resurgence • Development Versus Democracy in India and Pakistan
The End of the Cold War
The Limits of Reform in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe • Recasting Russia Without Communism • Integration and Reform in Europe
Chapter Summary
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Primary Source Features
Analyze Written Evidence A Member of China’s Red Guards on Democratic Reform
Compare Viewpoints Women’s Rights as Human Rights in Iran and the United States
Individuals in Society Anani Dzidzienvo, Scholar of the African Diaspora
33
The Contemporary World in Historical Perspective
The Neoliberal World and Its Limits
Al-Qaeda and Afghanistan • Conflict and Change in the Middle East • Right Wing Nationalism Re-emerges
Global Circulation and Exchange
Migration • Urbanization • Multinational Corporations
Social Movements
Children: The Right to Childhood • Women’s Right to Equality • LGBTQ Challenges • Environmentalism
Global Climate Change
Causes of Global Warming and Responses to It • Historical Experiences with Climate and Environmental Change • Automobility • Global Energy Reliance • Intensified Agriculture and the Green Revolution • Impacts of Climate Change
Chapter Summary
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Primary Source Features
Analyze Visual Evidence A Generational Movement on Climate
Compare Viewpoints Women Activists in Chiapas, Mexico
Individuals in Society Sieng, a Mnong Refugee in an American High School
Authors
Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks
Patricia Buckley Ebrey
Roger B. Beck
Jerry Davila
Clare Haru Crowston
John P. McKay
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