Achieve for Exploring American Histories (1-Term Access)
Fourth Edition ©2022 Nancy Hewitt; Steven Lawson Formats: Achieve
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Authors
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Nancy A. Hewitt
Nancy A. Hewitt (Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania) is Professor Emerita of History and of Women’s and Gender Studies at Rutgers University. Her publications include Radical Friend: Amy Kirby Post and Her Activist Worlds, for which she won the SHEAR prize in biography; Women’s Activism and Social Change: Rochester, New York, 1822–1872; Southern Discomfort: Women’s Activism in Tampa, Florida, 1880s–1920s, and the second edition of A Companion to American Women’s History, edited with Anne M. Valk.
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Steven F. Lawson
Steven F. Lawson (Ph.D., Columbia University) is Professor Emeritus of History at Rutgers University. His research interests include U.S. politics since 1945 and the history of the civil rights movement, with a particular focus on black politics and the interplay between civil rights and political culture in the mid-twentieth century. He is the author of many works including Running for Freedom: Civil Rights and Black Politics in America since 1941; Debating the Civil Rights Movement; Black Ballots: Voting Rights in the South, 1944–1969; and In Pursuit of Power: Southern Blacks and Electoral Politics, 1965–1982.
Table of Contents
The Combined Volume includes all chapters.
Volume 1 includes Chapters 1-14.
Volume 2 includes Chapters 14-29.
NOTE: Achieve for Exploring American Histories, 4e includes additional activities and assessments for the book content. Along with the interactive e-books for the comprehensive text and the companion source reader, Achieve provides quizzes for the source features in the comprehensive text and the documents in the companion reader, LearningCurve adaptive quizzing, and a variety of autograded exercises that help students develop their historical thinking skills. Many of these resources are set up for quick use in the pre-built courses in Achieve, which can be customized easily, and Achieve also allows instructors to create quiz questions and upload their own documents.
Preface
Versions and Supplements
Maps, Figures, and Tables
How to Use This Book
Chapter 1
Mapping Global Frontiers, to 1590
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Malintzin and Martin Waldseemüller
Native Peoples in the Americas
Native Peoples Develop Diverse Cultures
The Aztecs, the Maya, and the Incas
Native Cultures to the North
Europe Expands Its Reach
The Mediterranean World
Portugal Pursues Long-Distance Trade
European Encounters with West Africa
Worlds Collide
Europeans Cross the Atlantic
Europeans Explore the Americas
Mapmaking and Printing
The Columbian Exchange
Europeans Make Claims to North America
Spaniards Conquer Indian Empires
Spanish Adventurers Head North
Europeans Compete in North America
Spain Seeks Dominion in Europe and the Americas
Conclusion: A Transformed America
Chapter Review
Chapter 2
Colonization and Conflicts, 1580–1680
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Powhatan and Anne Hutchinson
Religious, Economic, and Imperial Transformations
The Protestant Reformation
Spain’s Global Empire Declines
France Enters the Race for Empire
The Dutch Expand into North America
The English Seek an Empire
The English Establish Jamestown
Tobacco Fuels Growth in Virginia
Expansion, Rebellion, and the Emergence of Slavery
The English Compete for West Indies Possessions
Pilgrims and Puritans Settle New England
Pilgrims Arrive in Massachusetts
The Puritan Migration
The Puritan Worldview
Anglo-American Ideals, 2001
Dissenters Challenge Puritan Authority
Wars in Old and New England
Conclusion: European Empires in North America
Chapter Review
Chapter 3
Colonial America amid Global Change, 1680–1754
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
William Moraley Jr. and Eliza Lucas
Europeans Expand Their Claims
English Colonies Grow and Multiply
The Pueblo Revolt and Spain’s Fragile Empire
France Seeks Land and Control
European Wars and American Consequences
Colonial Conflicts and Indian Alliances
Indians Resist European Encroachment
Conflicts on the Southern Frontier
The Benefits and Costs of Empire
Colonial Traders Join Global Networks
Imperial Policies Focus on Profits
The Atlantic Slave Trade
Seaport Cities and Consumer Cultures
Labor in North America
Finding Work in the Colonies
Coping with Economic Distress
Rural Americans Face Changing Conditions
Slavery Takes Hold in the South
Africans Resist Their Enslavement
Conclusion: Changing Fortunes in British North America
Chapter Review
Chapter 4
Religious Strife and Social Upheavals, 1680–1750
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Gilbert Tennent and Sarah Grosvenor
An Ungodly Society?
The Rise of Religious Anxieties
Cries of Witchcraft
Family and Household Dynamics
Women’s Changing Status
Working Families
Reproduction and Women’s Roles
The Limits of Patriarchal Order
Diversity and Competition in Colonial Society
Population Growth and Economic Competition
Increasing Diversity
Expansion and Conflict
Religious Awakenings
The Roots of the Great Awakening
An Outburst of Revivals
Religious Dissension
Political Awakenings
Changing Political Relations
Dissent and Protest
Transforming Urban Politics
Conclusion: A Divided Society
Chapter Review
Chapter 5
War and Empire, 1754–1774
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
George Washington and Pontiac
Imperial Conflicts and Indian Wars, 1754–1763
The Opening Battles
A Shift to Global War
The Costs of Victory
Battles and Boundaries on the Frontier
Conflicts over Land and Labor Escalate
Postwar British Policies and Colonial Unity
Common Grievances
Forging Ties across the Colonies
Great Britain Seeks Greater Control
Resistance to Britain Intensifies
The Stamp Act Inspires Coordinated Resistance
The Townshend Act
The Boston Massacre
Continuing Conflicts at Home
Tea and Widening Resistance
The Continental Congress and Colonial Unity
Conclusion: Liberty within Empire
Chapter Review
Chapter 6
The American Revolution, 1775–1783
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Thomas Paine and Elizabeth Freeman
The Question of Independence
Armed Conflict Erupts
Building a Continental Army
Reasons for Caution and for Action
Declaring Independence
Choosing Sides
Recruiting Supporters
Choosing Neutrality
Committing to Independence
Fighting for Independence, 1776–1777
British Troops Gain Early Victories
Patriots Prevail in New Jersey
A Critical Year of Warfare
Patriots Gain Critical Assistance
Surviving on the Home Front
Governing in Revolutionary Times
Colonies Become States
Patriots Divide over Slavery
France Allies with the Patriots
Raising Armies and Funds
Indian and Patriots Battle for Land
Conflicts Escalate on the Frontier
Winning the War and the Peace, 1778–1783
War Rages in the South
An Uncertain Peace
A Surprising Victory
Conclusion: Legacies of the Revolution
Chapter Review
Chapter 7
Forging a New Nation, 1783–1800
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Daniel Shays and Alexander Hamilton
Financial, Frontier, and Foreign Problems
Continental Officers Threaten Confederation
Indians, Land, and the Northwest Ordinance
Depression and Debt
On the Political Margins
Separating Church and State
African Americans Struggle for Rights
Women Seek Wider Roles
Indebted Farmers Fuel Political Crises
Reframing the American Government
The Constitutional Convention of 1787
Americans Battle over Ratification
Organizing the Federal Government
Hamilton Forges an Economic Agenda
Years of Crisis, 1792–1796
Foreign Trade and Foreign Wars
Disease and Dissent
Further Conflicts on the Frontier
The First Party System
The Adams Presidency
The Election of 1800
Conclusion: A Young Nation Comes of Age
Chapter Review
Chapter 8
The Early Republic, 1790–1820
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Parker Cleaveland and Sacagawea
The Dilemmas of National Identity
Education for a New Nation
Literary and Cultural Developments
Religious Renewal
The Racial Limits of "American" Culture
A New Capital for a New Nation
Extending Federal Power
A New Administration Faces Challenges
The Louisiana Territory and Indian Societies
The Supreme Court Extends Its Reach
Partisanship, 2012
Democratic-Republicans Expand Federal Powers
Remaking America’s Economic Character
Native Lands and American Migrations
Technology Reshapes Agriculture and Industry
Transforming Domestic Production
Technology, Cotton, and Slaves
Conclusion: New Identities and New Challenges
Chapter Review
Chapter 9
Defending and Redefining the Nation, 1809–1832
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Dolley Madison and John Ross
Conflicts at Home and Abroad
Tensions at Sea and on the Frontier
War with Britain and their Indian Allies
National Expansion and Regional Economies
Governments Fuel Economic Growth
Americans Expand the Nation’s Borders
Regional Economic Development
Economic and Political Crises
The Panic of 1819
Slavery in Missouri
The Expansion and Limits of American Democracy
Expanding Voting Rights
Racist Restrictions and Racial Violence
Political Realignments
The Presidential Election of 1828
Jacksonian Politics in Action
A Democratic Spirit?
Confrontations over Tariffs and the Bank
Contesting Indian Removal
Conclusion: The Nation Faces New Challenges
Chapter Review
Chapter 10
Social and Cultural Ferment in the North, 1820–1850
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Charles Grandison Finney and Amy Kirby Post
The Market Revolution
Creating an Urban Landscape
The Lure of Urban Life
Roots of Urban Disorder
The New Middle Class
The Rise of Industry
Factory Towns and Women Workers
The Decline of Craft Work and Workingmen’s Responses
The Panic of 1837
Saving the Nation from Sin
The Second Great Awakening
New Visions of Faith and Reform
Transcendentalism
Organizing for Change
Varieties of Reform
The Problem of Poverty
The Temperance Movement
Utopian Communities
Abolitionism Expands and Divides
The Beginnings of the Antislavery Movement
Abolition Gains Ground and Enemies
Abolitionism and Women’s Rights
The Rise of Antislavery Parties
Conclusion: From the North to the Nation
Chapter Review
Chapter 11
Slavery Expands South and West, 1830–1850
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
José Antonio Menchaca and Solomon Northrup
Planters Expand the Slave System
A Plantation Society Develops in the South
Urban Life in the Slave South
The Consequences of Slavery’s Expansion
Slave Society and Culture
Enslaved Labor Fuels the Economy
Developing an African American Culture
Resistance and Rebellion
Planters Tighten Control
Harsher Treatment for Southern Blacks
White Southerners without Slaves
Planters Seek to Unify Southern Whites
Democrats Face Political and Economic Crises
The Battle for Texas
Indians Resist Removal
Van Buren and the Panic of 1837
The Whigs Win the White House
The National Government Looks to the West
Expanding to Oregon and Texas
Pursuing War with Mexico
Debates over Slavery Intensify
Conclusion: Geographical Expansion and Political Division
Chapter Review
Chapter 12
Imperial Ambitions and Sectional Crises, 1842–1861
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
John C. Frémont and Dred Scott
Claiming the West
Traveling the Overland Trail
The Gold Rush
A Crowded Land
Expansion and the Politics of Slavery
California and the Compromise of 1850
The Fugitive Slave Act Inspires Northern Protest
Pierce Encourages U.S. Expansion
Sectional Crises Intensify
Popularizing Antislavery Sentiment
The Kansas-Nebraska Act Stirs Dissent
Bleeding Kansas and the Election of 1856
The Dred Scott Decision
From Sectional Crisis to Southern Secession
Cortina’s War and John Brown’s Raid
The Election of 1860
From Secession to War
Conclusion: A Nation Divided
Chapter Review
Chapter 13
Civil War, 1861–1865
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Frederick Douglass and Rose O’Neal Greenhow
The Nation at War, 1861-1862
Both Sides Prepare for War
Wartime Roles of African Americans, Indians, and Mexican Americans
Union Politicians Consider Emancipation
War Transforms the North and the South
Life and Death on the Battlefield
The Northern Economy Expands
Urbanization and Industrialization in the South
Women Aid the War Effort
Dissent and Protest in the Midst of War
The Tide of War Turns, 1863–1865
Key Victories for the Union
African Americans Contribute to Victory
The Final Battles of a Hard War
The War Comes to an End
Conclusion: An Uncertain Future
Chapter Review
Chapter 14
Emancipation and Reconstruction, 1863–1877
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Jefferson Long and Andrew Johnson
Emancipation
African Americans Embrace Freedom
Reuniting Families Torn Apart by Slavery
Freedom to Learn
Freedom to Worship and the Leadership Role of Black Churches
National Reconstruction
Abraham Lincoln Plans for Reunification
Andrew Johnson and Presidential Reconstruction
Johnson and Congressional Resistance
Congressional Reconstruction
The Struggle for Universal Suffrage
Remaking the South
Whites Reconstruct the South
Black Political Participation and Economic Opportunities
White Resistance to Congressional Reconstruction
The Unraveling of Reconstruction
The Republican Retreat
Congressional and Judicial Retreat
The Presidential Compromise of 1876
Conclusion: The Legacies of Reconstruction
Chapter Review
Chapter 15
The West, 1865–1896
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Annie Oakley and Geronimo
Opening the West
The Great Plains
Federal Policy and Foreign Investment
Indians and Resistance to Expansion
Indian Civilizations
Federal Policy toward Indians before 1870
Reconstruction and Indians
Indian Defeat
Reforming Indian Policy
Indian Assimilation and Resistance
The Mining and Lumber Industries
The Business of Mining
Life in the Mining Towns
The Lumber Boom
The Cattle Industry and Commercial Farming
The Life of the Cowboy
The Rise of Commercial Ranching
Commercial Farming
Women Homesteaders
Farming on the Great Plains
Diversity in the Far West
Mormons
Californios and Mexican Americans
The Chinese
Conclusion: The Ambiguous Legacy of the West
Chapter Review
Chapter 16
Industrial America, 1877–1900
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Andrew Carnegie and John Sherman
America Industrializes
The New Industrial Economy
Innovation and Inventions
Building a New South
Industrial Consolidation
The Growth of Corporations
Laissez-Faire, Social Darwinism, and Their Critics
The Doctrines of Success
Challenges to Laissez-Faire
Society and Culture in the Gilded Age
Wealthy and Middle-Class Leisure-Time Pursuits
Changing Gender Roles
Black America and Jim Crow
National Politics in the Era of Industrialization
The Weak Presidency
Congressional Inefficiency
The Business of Politics
An Energized and Entertained Electorate
Conclusion: Industrial America
Chapter Review
Chapter 17
Workers and Farmers in the Age of Organization, 1877–1900
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
John McLuckie and Mary Elizabeth Lease
Working People Organize
The Industrialization of Labor
Organizing Unions
Clashes between Workers and Owners
Working-Class Leisure in Industrial America
Farmers Organize
Farmers Unite
Populists Rise Up
The Depression of the 1890s
Depression Politics
Political Realignment in the Election of 1896
The Decline of the Populists
Conclusion: A Passion for Organization
Chapter Review
Chapter 18
Cities, Immigrants, and the Nation, 1880–1914
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Beryl Lassin and Maria Vik Takacs
A New Wave of Immigrants
Immigrants Arrive from Many Lands
Creating Immigrant Communities
Hostility toward Recent Immigrants
The Assimilation Dilemma
Becoming an Urban Nation
The New Industrial City
Expand Upward and Outward
How the Other Half Lived
Urban Politics at the Turn of the Century
Political Machines and City Bosses
Urban Reformers
Conclusion: A Nation of Cities
Chapter Review
Chapter 19
Progressivism and the Search for Order, 1900–1917
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Gifford Pinchot and Gene Stratton-Porter
The Roots of Progressivism
Progressive Origins
Muckrakers
Humanitarian and Social Justice Reform
Female Progressives and the Poor
Fighting for Women’s Suffrage
Progressivism and African Americans
Progressivism and Indians
Morality and Social Control
Prohibition
Prostitution, Narcotics, and Juvenile Delinquency
Birth Control
Immigration Restriction
Good Government Progressivism
Municipal and State Reform
Conservation and Preservation of the Environment
Presidential Progressivism
Theodore Roosevelt and the Square Deal
Taft Retreats from Progressivism
The Election of 1912
Woodrow Wilson and the New Freedom Agenda
Conclusion: The Progressive Legacy
Chapter Review
Chapter 20
Empire, Wars, and Pandemic, 1898–1919
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Alfred Thayer Mahan and José Martí
The Awakening of Imperialism
The Economics of Expansion
Cultural Justifications for Imperialism
Gender and Empire
The War with Spain
Revolution in Cuba
The War of 1898
The Pacification of Cuba
The Philippine War
Extending U.S. Imperialism, 1899–1913
Theodore Roosevelt and "Big Stick" Diplomacy
Opening the Door in China
Wilson and American Foreign Policy, 1912–1917
Diplomacy and War
Making the World Safe for Democracy
Fighting the War at Home
Government by Commission
Winning Hearts and Minds
1918-19 Influenza Pandemic
Waging Peace
The Failure of Ratification
Conclusion: A U.S. Empire
Chapter Review
Chapter 21
The Twenties, 1919–1929
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
D. C. Stephenson and Ossian Sweet
Social Turmoil
The Red Scare, 1919–1920
Racial Violence in the Postwar Era
Prosperity, Consumption, and Growth
Government Promotion of the Economy
Americans Become Consumers
Urbanization
Perilous Prosperity
Challenges to Social Conventions
Breaking with the Old Morality
The Harlem Renaissance
Marcus Garvey and Black Nationalism
Culture Wars
Prohibition
Nativists versus Immigrants
Resurrection of the Ku Klux Klan
Fundamentalism versus Modernism
Politics and the Fading of Prosperity
The Battle for the Soul of the Democratic Party
Lingering Progressivism
Financial Crash
Conclusion: The Transitional Twenties
Chapter Review
Chapter 22
Depression, Dissent, and the New Deal, 1929–1940
AMERICAN HISTORIES
Eleanor Roosevelt and Luisa Moreno
The Great Depression
Hoover Faces the Depression
Hoovervilles and Dust Storms
Challenges for Racial Minorities
Families under Strain
Organized Protest
The New Deal
Roosevelt Restores Confidence
Steps toward Recovery
Direct Assistance and Relief
New Deal Critics
The New Deal Moves to the Left
Expanding Relief Measures
Establishing Social Security
Organized Labor Strikes Back
A Half Deal for Racial Minorities
Decline of the New Deal
Conclusion: New Deal Liberalism
Chapter Review
Chapter 23
World War II, 1933–1945
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
J. Robert Oppenheimer and Fred Korematsu
The Road toward War
The Growing Crisis in Europe
The Challenge to Isolationism
The United States Enters the War
The Home-Front Economy
Managing the Wartime Economy
New Opportunities for Women
Everyday Life on the Home Front
Fighting for Equality at Home
The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement
Struggles for Mexican Americans
American Indians
The Ordeal of Japanese Americans
Global War
War in Europe
War in the Pacific
Ending the War
Evidence of the Holocaust
Conclusion: The Impact of World War II
Chapter Review
Chapter 24
The Opening of the Cold War, 1945–1961
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
George Kennan and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
The Origins of the Cold War, 1945–1947
Mutual Misunderstandings
The Truman Doctrine
The Marshall Plan and Economic Containment
The Cold War Hardens, 1948–1953
Military Containment
The Korean War
The Korean War and the Imperial Presidency
Combating Communism at Home, 1945–1954
Loyalty and the Second Red Scare
McCarthyism
The Cold War Expands, 1953 –1961
Nuclear Weapons and Containment
Decolonization
Interventions in the Middle East, Latin America, and Africa
Early Intervention in Vietnam, 1954–1960
Conclusion: The Cold War and Anticommunism
Chapter Review
Chapter 25
Troubled Innocence, 1945–1961
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Alan Freed and Grace Metalious
Peacetime Transition and the Boom Years
Peacetime Challenges, 1945–1948
Economic Conversion and Labor Discontent
Truman, the New Deal Coalition, and the Election of 1948
Economic Boom
Baby Boom
Changes in Living Patterns
The Culture of the 1950s
The Rise of Television
Wild Ones on the Big Screen
The Influence of Teenage Culture
The Lives of Women
Religious Revival
Beats and Other Nonconformists
The Growth of the Civil Rights Movement
The Rise of the Southern Civil Rights Movement
School Segregation and the Supreme Court
The Montgomery Bus Boycott
White Resistance to Desegregation
The Sit-Ins
Civil Rights Struggles in the North
Civil Rights Struggles in the West
Domestic Politics in the Eisenhower Era
Modern Republicanism
The Election of 1960
Conclusion: Postwar Politics and Culture
Chapter Review
Chapter 26
Liberalism and Its Challengers, 1960–1973
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Earl Warren and Bayard Rustin
The Politics of Liberalism
Kennedy’s New Frontier
Kennedy, the Cold War, and Cuba
The Civil Rights Movement Intensifies, 1961–1968
Freedom Rides
Kennedy Supports Civil Rights
Freedom Summer and Voting Rights
Civil Rights and Black Power
Federal Efforts toward Social Reform, 1964–1968
The Great Society
The Warren Court
The Vietnam War, 1961–1969
Kennedy’s Intervention in South Vietnam
Johnson Escalates the War in Vietnam
Challenges to the Liberal Establishment
The New Left
The Counterculture
Liberation Movements
The Revival of Conservatism
Conclusion: Liberalism and Its Discontents
Chapter Review
Chapter 27
The Swing toward Conservatism, 1968–1980
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Pauli Murray and Louise Day Hicks
Nixon: War and Diplomacy, 1969–1974
The Election of 1968
The Failure of Vietnamization
The Cold War Thaws
Crisis in the Middle East and at Home
Nixon and Politics, 1969–1974
Pragmatic Conservatism
The Nixon Landslide and Watergate Scandal, 1972–1974
The Presidency of Jimmy Carter, 1976–1980
Jimmy Carter and the Limits of Affluence
The Perils of Détente
Challenges in the Middle East
The Persistence of Liberalism in the 1970s
Popular Culture
Women’s Movement
Environmentalism
Racial Struggles Continue
Mexican Americans Challenge Discrimination
The New Right Rises
Tax Revolt
Neo-Conservatism
Christian Conservatism
Conclusion: The Swing toward Conservatism
Chapter Review
Chapter 28
The Triumph of Conservatism, the End of the Cold War, and the Rise of the New World Order, 1980–1992
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
George Shultz and Demetria Martinez
The Reagan Revolution
Reagan and Reaganomics
The Implementation of Social Conservatism
Reagan and the End of the Cold War, 1981–1988
"The Evil Empire"
Human Rights and the Fight against Communism
Fighting International Terrorism
The Nuclear Freeze Movement
The Road to Nuclear De-escalation
The Presidency of George H. W. Bush, 1989–1993
"Kinder and Gentler" Conservatism
The Breakup of the Soviet Union
Globalization and the New World Order
Managing Conflict after the Cold War
The 1992 Election
Conclusion: Conservative Ascendancy and the End of the Cold War
Chapter Review
Chapter 29
The Challenges of a Globalized World, 1993 to the present
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Bill Gates and Alicia Garza
Transforming American Society
The Computer Revolution
The Changing American Population
Political Polarization and Globalization in the Clinton Years
Politics during the Clinton Administration
Global Challenges
The Presidency of George W. Bush
Bush and Compassionate Conservatism
The Iraq War
Bush’s Second Term
The Challenges Faced by President Barack Obama
The Great Recession
Obama and the Great Recession
The 2010 Revolt Against Obama
Obama’s Second Term
Latinos and Immigration
Asian Americans
African Americans and Institutional Racism
The Native American Struggle Continued
Obama and the World
The Presidency of Donald Trump
The 2016 Election
The Trump Presidency
Pandemic, Protests, and Politics
Conclusion: Technology and Terror in a Global Society
Chapter Review
Product Updates
New biographies in the chapter-opening Comparing American Histories reflect continued attention to racial and ethnic diversity. Among the new profiles are Powhatan, leader of the largest native confederacy in the mid-Atlantic region (chapter 2); Elizabeth (Mum Bett) Freeman whose freedom suit contributed to Massachusetts ending slavery during the American Revolution (chapter 6); José Antonio Menchaca a Tejano military leader who fought for Texas independence (chapter 11); Pauli Murray, the African American civil rights activist and feminist (chapter 27); and Alicia Garza, the African American community organizer and co-founder of Black Lives Matter (chapter 29).
Expanded coverage of diversity provides even greater representation of diverse peoples. For example, in chapter 3, coverage of Native Americans has been amplified and more names of specific tribes are included to highlight the variety and number of Native American nations. Chapter 6 has been reorganized in order to expand coverage of multi-ethnic, multiracial forces fighting on both sides in the Revolution. Chapter 21 includes new coverage of the Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921. And, chapter 26 includes coverage of Mexican American activist, Rejes Tijerna, and also the 1968 Bilingual Education Act. In addition to attention to regional, racial, and ethnic diversity, coverage of other historical developments has been updated such as systemic racism, pandemics, and the development of capitalist systems in various periods.
Adjustments to chapter organization specifically in Chapters 12 and 13 allow for extended discussions on American Indians, Mexican Americans, African Americans and women during the Civil War and of black refugees who used the chaos of war to claim their independence.
Updates to the narrative include material on the divisive 2020 presidential election, the COVID-19 pandemic; the police killings of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor and the nationwide protests they inspired; the collapse of the U.S. economy caused by the pandemic; and the January 6, 2021 insurrection at the Capitol; and the subsequent second impeachment of Trump.
Authors
-
Nancy A. Hewitt
Nancy A. Hewitt (Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania) is Professor Emerita of History and of Women’s and Gender Studies at Rutgers University. Her publications include Radical Friend: Amy Kirby Post and Her Activist Worlds, for which she won the SHEAR prize in biography; Women’s Activism and Social Change: Rochester, New York, 1822–1872; Southern Discomfort: Women’s Activism in Tampa, Florida, 1880s–1920s, and the second edition of A Companion to American Women’s History, edited with Anne M. Valk.
-
Steven F. Lawson
Steven F. Lawson (Ph.D., Columbia University) is Professor Emeritus of History at Rutgers University. His research interests include U.S. politics since 1945 and the history of the civil rights movement, with a particular focus on black politics and the interplay between civil rights and political culture in the mid-twentieth century. He is the author of many works including Running for Freedom: Civil Rights and Black Politics in America since 1941; Debating the Civil Rights Movement; Black Ballots: Voting Rights in the South, 1944–1969; and In Pursuit of Power: Southern Blacks and Electoral Politics, 1965–1982.
Table of Contents
The Combined Volume includes all chapters.
Volume 1 includes Chapters 1-14.
Volume 2 includes Chapters 14-29.
NOTE: Achieve for Exploring American Histories, 4e includes additional activities and assessments for the book content. Along with the interactive e-books for the comprehensive text and the companion source reader, Achieve provides quizzes for the source features in the comprehensive text and the documents in the companion reader, LearningCurve adaptive quizzing, and a variety of autograded exercises that help students develop their historical thinking skills. Many of these resources are set up for quick use in the pre-built courses in Achieve, which can be customized easily, and Achieve also allows instructors to create quiz questions and upload their own documents.
Preface
Versions and Supplements
Maps, Figures, and Tables
How to Use This Book
Chapter 1
Mapping Global Frontiers, to 1590
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Malintzin and Martin Waldseemüller
Native Peoples in the Americas
Native Peoples Develop Diverse Cultures
The Aztecs, the Maya, and the Incas
Native Cultures to the North
Europe Expands Its Reach
The Mediterranean World
Portugal Pursues Long-Distance Trade
European Encounters with West Africa
Worlds Collide
Europeans Cross the Atlantic
Europeans Explore the Americas
Mapmaking and Printing
The Columbian Exchange
Europeans Make Claims to North America
Spaniards Conquer Indian Empires
Spanish Adventurers Head North
Europeans Compete in North America
Spain Seeks Dominion in Europe and the Americas
Conclusion: A Transformed America
Chapter Review
Chapter 2
Colonization and Conflicts, 1580–1680
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Powhatan and Anne Hutchinson
Religious, Economic, and Imperial Transformations
The Protestant Reformation
Spain’s Global Empire Declines
France Enters the Race for Empire
The Dutch Expand into North America
The English Seek an Empire
The English Establish Jamestown
Tobacco Fuels Growth in Virginia
Expansion, Rebellion, and the Emergence of Slavery
The English Compete for West Indies Possessions
Pilgrims and Puritans Settle New England
Pilgrims Arrive in Massachusetts
The Puritan Migration
The Puritan Worldview
Anglo-American Ideals, 2001
Dissenters Challenge Puritan Authority
Wars in Old and New England
Conclusion: European Empires in North America
Chapter Review
Chapter 3
Colonial America amid Global Change, 1680–1754
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
William Moraley Jr. and Eliza Lucas
Europeans Expand Their Claims
English Colonies Grow and Multiply
The Pueblo Revolt and Spain’s Fragile Empire
France Seeks Land and Control
European Wars and American Consequences
Colonial Conflicts and Indian Alliances
Indians Resist European Encroachment
Conflicts on the Southern Frontier
The Benefits and Costs of Empire
Colonial Traders Join Global Networks
Imperial Policies Focus on Profits
The Atlantic Slave Trade
Seaport Cities and Consumer Cultures
Labor in North America
Finding Work in the Colonies
Coping with Economic Distress
Rural Americans Face Changing Conditions
Slavery Takes Hold in the South
Africans Resist Their Enslavement
Conclusion: Changing Fortunes in British North America
Chapter Review
Chapter 4
Religious Strife and Social Upheavals, 1680–1750
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Gilbert Tennent and Sarah Grosvenor
An Ungodly Society?
The Rise of Religious Anxieties
Cries of Witchcraft
Family and Household Dynamics
Women’s Changing Status
Working Families
Reproduction and Women’s Roles
The Limits of Patriarchal Order
Diversity and Competition in Colonial Society
Population Growth and Economic Competition
Increasing Diversity
Expansion and Conflict
Religious Awakenings
The Roots of the Great Awakening
An Outburst of Revivals
Religious Dissension
Political Awakenings
Changing Political Relations
Dissent and Protest
Transforming Urban Politics
Conclusion: A Divided Society
Chapter Review
Chapter 5
War and Empire, 1754–1774
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
George Washington and Pontiac
Imperial Conflicts and Indian Wars, 1754–1763
The Opening Battles
A Shift to Global War
The Costs of Victory
Battles and Boundaries on the Frontier
Conflicts over Land and Labor Escalate
Postwar British Policies and Colonial Unity
Common Grievances
Forging Ties across the Colonies
Great Britain Seeks Greater Control
Resistance to Britain Intensifies
The Stamp Act Inspires Coordinated Resistance
The Townshend Act
The Boston Massacre
Continuing Conflicts at Home
Tea and Widening Resistance
The Continental Congress and Colonial Unity
Conclusion: Liberty within Empire
Chapter Review
Chapter 6
The American Revolution, 1775–1783
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Thomas Paine and Elizabeth Freeman
The Question of Independence
Armed Conflict Erupts
Building a Continental Army
Reasons for Caution and for Action
Declaring Independence
Choosing Sides
Recruiting Supporters
Choosing Neutrality
Committing to Independence
Fighting for Independence, 1776–1777
British Troops Gain Early Victories
Patriots Prevail in New Jersey
A Critical Year of Warfare
Patriots Gain Critical Assistance
Surviving on the Home Front
Governing in Revolutionary Times
Colonies Become States
Patriots Divide over Slavery
France Allies with the Patriots
Raising Armies and Funds
Indian and Patriots Battle for Land
Conflicts Escalate on the Frontier
Winning the War and the Peace, 1778–1783
War Rages in the South
An Uncertain Peace
A Surprising Victory
Conclusion: Legacies of the Revolution
Chapter Review
Chapter 7
Forging a New Nation, 1783–1800
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Daniel Shays and Alexander Hamilton
Financial, Frontier, and Foreign Problems
Continental Officers Threaten Confederation
Indians, Land, and the Northwest Ordinance
Depression and Debt
On the Political Margins
Separating Church and State
African Americans Struggle for Rights
Women Seek Wider Roles
Indebted Farmers Fuel Political Crises
Reframing the American Government
The Constitutional Convention of 1787
Americans Battle over Ratification
Organizing the Federal Government
Hamilton Forges an Economic Agenda
Years of Crisis, 1792–1796
Foreign Trade and Foreign Wars
Disease and Dissent
Further Conflicts on the Frontier
The First Party System
The Adams Presidency
The Election of 1800
Conclusion: A Young Nation Comes of Age
Chapter Review
Chapter 8
The Early Republic, 1790–1820
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Parker Cleaveland and Sacagawea
The Dilemmas of National Identity
Education for a New Nation
Literary and Cultural Developments
Religious Renewal
The Racial Limits of "American" Culture
A New Capital for a New Nation
Extending Federal Power
A New Administration Faces Challenges
The Louisiana Territory and Indian Societies
The Supreme Court Extends Its Reach
Partisanship, 2012
Democratic-Republicans Expand Federal Powers
Remaking America’s Economic Character
Native Lands and American Migrations
Technology Reshapes Agriculture and Industry
Transforming Domestic Production
Technology, Cotton, and Slaves
Conclusion: New Identities and New Challenges
Chapter Review
Chapter 9
Defending and Redefining the Nation, 1809–1832
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Dolley Madison and John Ross
Conflicts at Home and Abroad
Tensions at Sea and on the Frontier
War with Britain and their Indian Allies
National Expansion and Regional Economies
Governments Fuel Economic Growth
Americans Expand the Nation’s Borders
Regional Economic Development
Economic and Political Crises
The Panic of 1819
Slavery in Missouri
The Expansion and Limits of American Democracy
Expanding Voting Rights
Racist Restrictions and Racial Violence
Political Realignments
The Presidential Election of 1828
Jacksonian Politics in Action
A Democratic Spirit?
Confrontations over Tariffs and the Bank
Contesting Indian Removal
Conclusion: The Nation Faces New Challenges
Chapter Review
Chapter 10
Social and Cultural Ferment in the North, 1820–1850
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Charles Grandison Finney and Amy Kirby Post
The Market Revolution
Creating an Urban Landscape
The Lure of Urban Life
Roots of Urban Disorder
The New Middle Class
The Rise of Industry
Factory Towns and Women Workers
The Decline of Craft Work and Workingmen’s Responses
The Panic of 1837
Saving the Nation from Sin
The Second Great Awakening
New Visions of Faith and Reform
Transcendentalism
Organizing for Change
Varieties of Reform
The Problem of Poverty
The Temperance Movement
Utopian Communities
Abolitionism Expands and Divides
The Beginnings of the Antislavery Movement
Abolition Gains Ground and Enemies
Abolitionism and Women’s Rights
The Rise of Antislavery Parties
Conclusion: From the North to the Nation
Chapter Review
Chapter 11
Slavery Expands South and West, 1830–1850
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
José Antonio Menchaca and Solomon Northrup
Planters Expand the Slave System
A Plantation Society Develops in the South
Urban Life in the Slave South
The Consequences of Slavery’s Expansion
Slave Society and Culture
Enslaved Labor Fuels the Economy
Developing an African American Culture
Resistance and Rebellion
Planters Tighten Control
Harsher Treatment for Southern Blacks
White Southerners without Slaves
Planters Seek to Unify Southern Whites
Democrats Face Political and Economic Crises
The Battle for Texas
Indians Resist Removal
Van Buren and the Panic of 1837
The Whigs Win the White House
The National Government Looks to the West
Expanding to Oregon and Texas
Pursuing War with Mexico
Debates over Slavery Intensify
Conclusion: Geographical Expansion and Political Division
Chapter Review
Chapter 12
Imperial Ambitions and Sectional Crises, 1842–1861
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
John C. Frémont and Dred Scott
Claiming the West
Traveling the Overland Trail
The Gold Rush
A Crowded Land
Expansion and the Politics of Slavery
California and the Compromise of 1850
The Fugitive Slave Act Inspires Northern Protest
Pierce Encourages U.S. Expansion
Sectional Crises Intensify
Popularizing Antislavery Sentiment
The Kansas-Nebraska Act Stirs Dissent
Bleeding Kansas and the Election of 1856
The Dred Scott Decision
From Sectional Crisis to Southern Secession
Cortina’s War and John Brown’s Raid
The Election of 1860
From Secession to War
Conclusion: A Nation Divided
Chapter Review
Chapter 13
Civil War, 1861–1865
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Frederick Douglass and Rose O’Neal Greenhow
The Nation at War, 1861-1862
Both Sides Prepare for War
Wartime Roles of African Americans, Indians, and Mexican Americans
Union Politicians Consider Emancipation
War Transforms the North and the South
Life and Death on the Battlefield
The Northern Economy Expands
Urbanization and Industrialization in the South
Women Aid the War Effort
Dissent and Protest in the Midst of War
The Tide of War Turns, 1863–1865
Key Victories for the Union
African Americans Contribute to Victory
The Final Battles of a Hard War
The War Comes to an End
Conclusion: An Uncertain Future
Chapter Review
Chapter 14
Emancipation and Reconstruction, 1863–1877
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Jefferson Long and Andrew Johnson
Emancipation
African Americans Embrace Freedom
Reuniting Families Torn Apart by Slavery
Freedom to Learn
Freedom to Worship and the Leadership Role of Black Churches
National Reconstruction
Abraham Lincoln Plans for Reunification
Andrew Johnson and Presidential Reconstruction
Johnson and Congressional Resistance
Congressional Reconstruction
The Struggle for Universal Suffrage
Remaking the South
Whites Reconstruct the South
Black Political Participation and Economic Opportunities
White Resistance to Congressional Reconstruction
The Unraveling of Reconstruction
The Republican Retreat
Congressional and Judicial Retreat
The Presidential Compromise of 1876
Conclusion: The Legacies of Reconstruction
Chapter Review
Chapter 15
The West, 1865–1896
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Annie Oakley and Geronimo
Opening the West
The Great Plains
Federal Policy and Foreign Investment
Indians and Resistance to Expansion
Indian Civilizations
Federal Policy toward Indians before 1870
Reconstruction and Indians
Indian Defeat
Reforming Indian Policy
Indian Assimilation and Resistance
The Mining and Lumber Industries
The Business of Mining
Life in the Mining Towns
The Lumber Boom
The Cattle Industry and Commercial Farming
The Life of the Cowboy
The Rise of Commercial Ranching
Commercial Farming
Women Homesteaders
Farming on the Great Plains
Diversity in the Far West
Mormons
Californios and Mexican Americans
The Chinese
Conclusion: The Ambiguous Legacy of the West
Chapter Review
Chapter 16
Industrial America, 1877–1900
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Andrew Carnegie and John Sherman
America Industrializes
The New Industrial Economy
Innovation and Inventions
Building a New South
Industrial Consolidation
The Growth of Corporations
Laissez-Faire, Social Darwinism, and Their Critics
The Doctrines of Success
Challenges to Laissez-Faire
Society and Culture in the Gilded Age
Wealthy and Middle-Class Leisure-Time Pursuits
Changing Gender Roles
Black America and Jim Crow
National Politics in the Era of Industrialization
The Weak Presidency
Congressional Inefficiency
The Business of Politics
An Energized and Entertained Electorate
Conclusion: Industrial America
Chapter Review
Chapter 17
Workers and Farmers in the Age of Organization, 1877–1900
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
John McLuckie and Mary Elizabeth Lease
Working People Organize
The Industrialization of Labor
Organizing Unions
Clashes between Workers and Owners
Working-Class Leisure in Industrial America
Farmers Organize
Farmers Unite
Populists Rise Up
The Depression of the 1890s
Depression Politics
Political Realignment in the Election of 1896
The Decline of the Populists
Conclusion: A Passion for Organization
Chapter Review
Chapter 18
Cities, Immigrants, and the Nation, 1880–1914
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Beryl Lassin and Maria Vik Takacs
A New Wave of Immigrants
Immigrants Arrive from Many Lands
Creating Immigrant Communities
Hostility toward Recent Immigrants
The Assimilation Dilemma
Becoming an Urban Nation
The New Industrial City
Expand Upward and Outward
How the Other Half Lived
Urban Politics at the Turn of the Century
Political Machines and City Bosses
Urban Reformers
Conclusion: A Nation of Cities
Chapter Review
Chapter 19
Progressivism and the Search for Order, 1900–1917
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Gifford Pinchot and Gene Stratton-Porter
The Roots of Progressivism
Progressive Origins
Muckrakers
Humanitarian and Social Justice Reform
Female Progressives and the Poor
Fighting for Women’s Suffrage
Progressivism and African Americans
Progressivism and Indians
Morality and Social Control
Prohibition
Prostitution, Narcotics, and Juvenile Delinquency
Birth Control
Immigration Restriction
Good Government Progressivism
Municipal and State Reform
Conservation and Preservation of the Environment
Presidential Progressivism
Theodore Roosevelt and the Square Deal
Taft Retreats from Progressivism
The Election of 1912
Woodrow Wilson and the New Freedom Agenda
Conclusion: The Progressive Legacy
Chapter Review
Chapter 20
Empire, Wars, and Pandemic, 1898–1919
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Alfred Thayer Mahan and José Martí
The Awakening of Imperialism
The Economics of Expansion
Cultural Justifications for Imperialism
Gender and Empire
The War with Spain
Revolution in Cuba
The War of 1898
The Pacification of Cuba
The Philippine War
Extending U.S. Imperialism, 1899–1913
Theodore Roosevelt and "Big Stick" Diplomacy
Opening the Door in China
Wilson and American Foreign Policy, 1912–1917
Diplomacy and War
Making the World Safe for Democracy
Fighting the War at Home
Government by Commission
Winning Hearts and Minds
1918-19 Influenza Pandemic
Waging Peace
The Failure of Ratification
Conclusion: A U.S. Empire
Chapter Review
Chapter 21
The Twenties, 1919–1929
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
D. C. Stephenson and Ossian Sweet
Social Turmoil
The Red Scare, 1919–1920
Racial Violence in the Postwar Era
Prosperity, Consumption, and Growth
Government Promotion of the Economy
Americans Become Consumers
Urbanization
Perilous Prosperity
Challenges to Social Conventions
Breaking with the Old Morality
The Harlem Renaissance
Marcus Garvey and Black Nationalism
Culture Wars
Prohibition
Nativists versus Immigrants
Resurrection of the Ku Klux Klan
Fundamentalism versus Modernism
Politics and the Fading of Prosperity
The Battle for the Soul of the Democratic Party
Lingering Progressivism
Financial Crash
Conclusion: The Transitional Twenties
Chapter Review
Chapter 22
Depression, Dissent, and the New Deal, 1929–1940
AMERICAN HISTORIES
Eleanor Roosevelt and Luisa Moreno
The Great Depression
Hoover Faces the Depression
Hoovervilles and Dust Storms
Challenges for Racial Minorities
Families under Strain
Organized Protest
The New Deal
Roosevelt Restores Confidence
Steps toward Recovery
Direct Assistance and Relief
New Deal Critics
The New Deal Moves to the Left
Expanding Relief Measures
Establishing Social Security
Organized Labor Strikes Back
A Half Deal for Racial Minorities
Decline of the New Deal
Conclusion: New Deal Liberalism
Chapter Review
Chapter 23
World War II, 1933–1945
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
J. Robert Oppenheimer and Fred Korematsu
The Road toward War
The Growing Crisis in Europe
The Challenge to Isolationism
The United States Enters the War
The Home-Front Economy
Managing the Wartime Economy
New Opportunities for Women
Everyday Life on the Home Front
Fighting for Equality at Home
The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement
Struggles for Mexican Americans
American Indians
The Ordeal of Japanese Americans
Global War
War in Europe
War in the Pacific
Ending the War
Evidence of the Holocaust
Conclusion: The Impact of World War II
Chapter Review
Chapter 24
The Opening of the Cold War, 1945–1961
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
George Kennan and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
The Origins of the Cold War, 1945–1947
Mutual Misunderstandings
The Truman Doctrine
The Marshall Plan and Economic Containment
The Cold War Hardens, 1948–1953
Military Containment
The Korean War
The Korean War and the Imperial Presidency
Combating Communism at Home, 1945–1954
Loyalty and the Second Red Scare
McCarthyism
The Cold War Expands, 1953 –1961
Nuclear Weapons and Containment
Decolonization
Interventions in the Middle East, Latin America, and Africa
Early Intervention in Vietnam, 1954–1960
Conclusion: The Cold War and Anticommunism
Chapter Review
Chapter 25
Troubled Innocence, 1945–1961
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Alan Freed and Grace Metalious
Peacetime Transition and the Boom Years
Peacetime Challenges, 1945–1948
Economic Conversion and Labor Discontent
Truman, the New Deal Coalition, and the Election of 1948
Economic Boom
Baby Boom
Changes in Living Patterns
The Culture of the 1950s
The Rise of Television
Wild Ones on the Big Screen
The Influence of Teenage Culture
The Lives of Women
Religious Revival
Beats and Other Nonconformists
The Growth of the Civil Rights Movement
The Rise of the Southern Civil Rights Movement
School Segregation and the Supreme Court
The Montgomery Bus Boycott
White Resistance to Desegregation
The Sit-Ins
Civil Rights Struggles in the North
Civil Rights Struggles in the West
Domestic Politics in the Eisenhower Era
Modern Republicanism
The Election of 1960
Conclusion: Postwar Politics and Culture
Chapter Review
Chapter 26
Liberalism and Its Challengers, 1960–1973
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Earl Warren and Bayard Rustin
The Politics of Liberalism
Kennedy’s New Frontier
Kennedy, the Cold War, and Cuba
The Civil Rights Movement Intensifies, 1961–1968
Freedom Rides
Kennedy Supports Civil Rights
Freedom Summer and Voting Rights
Civil Rights and Black Power
Federal Efforts toward Social Reform, 1964–1968
The Great Society
The Warren Court
The Vietnam War, 1961–1969
Kennedy’s Intervention in South Vietnam
Johnson Escalates the War in Vietnam
Challenges to the Liberal Establishment
The New Left
The Counterculture
Liberation Movements
The Revival of Conservatism
Conclusion: Liberalism and Its Discontents
Chapter Review
Chapter 27
The Swing toward Conservatism, 1968–1980
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Pauli Murray and Louise Day Hicks
Nixon: War and Diplomacy, 1969–1974
The Election of 1968
The Failure of Vietnamization
The Cold War Thaws
Crisis in the Middle East and at Home
Nixon and Politics, 1969–1974
Pragmatic Conservatism
The Nixon Landslide and Watergate Scandal, 1972–1974
The Presidency of Jimmy Carter, 1976–1980
Jimmy Carter and the Limits of Affluence
The Perils of Détente
Challenges in the Middle East
The Persistence of Liberalism in the 1970s
Popular Culture
Women’s Movement
Environmentalism
Racial Struggles Continue
Mexican Americans Challenge Discrimination
The New Right Rises
Tax Revolt
Neo-Conservatism
Christian Conservatism
Conclusion: The Swing toward Conservatism
Chapter Review
Chapter 28
The Triumph of Conservatism, the End of the Cold War, and the Rise of the New World Order, 1980–1992
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
George Shultz and Demetria Martinez
The Reagan Revolution
Reagan and Reaganomics
The Implementation of Social Conservatism
Reagan and the End of the Cold War, 1981–1988
"The Evil Empire"
Human Rights and the Fight against Communism
Fighting International Terrorism
The Nuclear Freeze Movement
The Road to Nuclear De-escalation
The Presidency of George H. W. Bush, 1989–1993
"Kinder and Gentler" Conservatism
The Breakup of the Soviet Union
Globalization and the New World Order
Managing Conflict after the Cold War
The 1992 Election
Conclusion: Conservative Ascendancy and the End of the Cold War
Chapter Review
Chapter 29
The Challenges of a Globalized World, 1993 to the present
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Bill Gates and Alicia Garza
Transforming American Society
The Computer Revolution
The Changing American Population
Political Polarization and Globalization in the Clinton Years
Politics during the Clinton Administration
Global Challenges
The Presidency of George W. Bush
Bush and Compassionate Conservatism
The Iraq War
Bush’s Second Term
The Challenges Faced by President Barack Obama
The Great Recession
Obama and the Great Recession
The 2010 Revolt Against Obama
Obama’s Second Term
Latinos and Immigration
Asian Americans
African Americans and Institutional Racism
The Native American Struggle Continued
Obama and the World
The Presidency of Donald Trump
The 2016 Election
The Trump Presidency
Pandemic, Protests, and Politics
Conclusion: Technology and Terror in a Global Society
Chapter Review
Product Updates
New biographies in the chapter-opening Comparing American Histories reflect continued attention to racial and ethnic diversity. Among the new profiles are Powhatan, leader of the largest native confederacy in the mid-Atlantic region (chapter 2); Elizabeth (Mum Bett) Freeman whose freedom suit contributed to Massachusetts ending slavery during the American Revolution (chapter 6); José Antonio Menchaca a Tejano military leader who fought for Texas independence (chapter 11); Pauli Murray, the African American civil rights activist and feminist (chapter 27); and Alicia Garza, the African American community organizer and co-founder of Black Lives Matter (chapter 29).
Expanded coverage of diversity provides even greater representation of diverse peoples. For example, in chapter 3, coverage of Native Americans has been amplified and more names of specific tribes are included to highlight the variety and number of Native American nations. Chapter 6 has been reorganized in order to expand coverage of multi-ethnic, multiracial forces fighting on both sides in the Revolution. Chapter 21 includes new coverage of the Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921. And, chapter 26 includes coverage of Mexican American activist, Rejes Tijerna, and also the 1968 Bilingual Education Act. In addition to attention to regional, racial, and ethnic diversity, coverage of other historical developments has been updated such as systemic racism, pandemics, and the development of capitalist systems in various periods.
Adjustments to chapter organization specifically in Chapters 12 and 13 allow for extended discussions on American Indians, Mexican Americans, African Americans and women during the Civil War and of black refugees who used the chaos of war to claim their independence.
Updates to the narrative include material on the divisive 2020 presidential election, the COVID-19 pandemic; the police killings of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor and the nationwide protests they inspired; the collapse of the U.S. economy caused by the pandemic; and the January 6, 2021 insurrection at the Capitol; and the subsequent second impeachment of Trump.
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