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Table of Contents

The Combined Volume includes all chapters.
Volume 1 includes Chapters 1-17.
Volume 2 includes Chapters 14-29.

NOTE: Achieve for The Making of the West 7e includes additional activities and assessments for the book content. Along with the interactive e-books for the main text and the companion source reader, Achieve provides quizzes for the source features in the book and the documents in the companion reader, LearningCurve adaptive quizzing, study and writing skills tutorials, and a variety of autograded exercises that help students develop their historical thinking skills. Many of these resources are set up for quick use in the pre-built courses in Achieve, which can be customized easily, and Achieve also allows instructors to create quiz questions and upload their own documents.

Contents

Preface: Why This Book This Way

Versions and Supplements

Brief Contents

Maps, Figures, and Special Features

Authors’ Note: The b.c.e./c.e. Dating System

World Map

Chapter 1

Early Western Civilization, 400,000–1000 b.c.e.

From the Stone Age to Near Eastern Civilization, 400,000–1000 b.c.e. b.c.e.

Life and Change in the Stone Age ■ The Emergence of Cities in the Near East, 4 –2350 b.c.e. ■ Metals and Empire Making: The Akkadians and the Ur III Dynasty, c. 2350–c. 2 b.c.e. ■ The Achievements of the Assyrians, the Babylonians, and the Canaanites, 2 –1 b.c.e.

Egypt, the First Unified Nation, 3050–1000 b.c.e.

From the Unification of Egypt to the Old Kingdom, 3050–2190 b.c.e. ■ The Middle and New Kingdoms in Egypt, 2061–1081 b.c.e.

The Hittites, the Minoans, and the Mycenaeans, 2200–1000 b.c.e.

The Hittites, 1750–1200 b.c.e. ■ The Minoans, 2200–1400 b.c.e. ■ The Mycenaeans, 1800–1 b.c.e. ■ The Violent End to Early Western Civilization, 1200–1 b.c.e.

Conclusion

Chapter 1 Review

Chapter 2

Near East Empires and the Reemergence of Civilization in Greece, 1000–500 b.c.e.

From Dark Age to Empire in the Near East, 1000–500 b.c.e.

The New Empire of Assyria, 900–600 b.c.e. ■ The Neo-Babylonian Empire, 600–539 b.c.e. ■ The Persian Empire, 557–500 b.c.e. ■ The Israelites, Origins to 539 b.c.e.

The Reemergence of Greek Civilization, 1000–750 b.c.e.

The Greek Dark Age ■ The Values of the Olympic Games ■ Homer, Hesiod, and Divine Justice in Greek Myth

The Creation of the Greek City-State, 750–500 b.c.e.

The Physical Environment of the Greek City-State ■ Trade and "Colonization," 800–580 b.c.e. ■ Citizenship and Freedom in the Greek City-State

New Directions for the Greek City-State, 750–500 b.c.e.

Oligarchy in the City-State of Sparta, 700–500 b.c.e. ■ Tyranny in the City-State of Corinth, 657–585 b.c.e. ■ Democracy in the City-State of Athens, 700–500 b.c.e. ■ New Ways of Thought and Expression in Greece, 630–500 b.c.e.

Conclusion

Chapter 2 Review

Chapter 3

The Greek Golden Age, c. 500–c. 400 b.c.e.

Wars between Persia and Greece, 499–479 b.c.e.

From the Ionian Revolt to the Battle of Marathon, 499–490 b.c.e. ■ The Great Persian Invasion, 480–479 b.c.e.

Athenian Confidence in the Golden Age, 478–431 b.c.e.

The Establishment of the Athenian Empire ■ Radical Democracy and Pericles’ Leadership, 461–431 b.c.e. ■ The Urban Landscape in Athens

Tradition and Innovation in Athens’s Golden Age

Religious Tradition in a Period of Change ■ Women, Slaves, and Metics ■ Innovative Ideas in Education and Philosophy ■ Transformations in Sculpture, History, and Medicine ■ The Development of Public Drama: Tragedy and Comedy

The End of Athens’s Golden Age, 431–403 b.c.e.

The Peloponnesian War, 431–404 b.c.e. ■ Athens Defeated: Tyranny and Civil War, 404–403 b.c.e.

Conclusion

Chapter 3 Review

Chapter 4

From the Classical to the Hellenistic World, 400–30 b.c.e.

Classical Greece after the Peloponnesian War, 400–350 b.c.e.

Athens’s Recovery after the Peloponnesian War ■ The Execution of Socrates, 399 b.c.e. ■ The Philosophy of Plato ■ Aristotle, Scientist and Philosopher ■ Greek Political Disunity

The Rise of Macedonia, 359–323 b.c.e.

Macedonian Power and Philip II, 359–336 b.c.e. ■ The Rule of Alexander the Great, 336–323 b.c.e.

The Hellenistic Kingdoms, 323–30 b.c.e.

Creating New Kingdoms ■ The Layers of Hellenistic Society ■ The End of the Hellenistic Kingdoms

Hellenistic Culture

The Arts and Sciences under Royal Support ■ Philosophy for a New Age ■ Scientific Innovation ■ Cultural and Religious Transformations

Conclusion

Chapter 4 Review

Chapter 5

The Rise of Rome and Its Republic, 753–44 b.c.e.

Roman Social and Religious Traditions

Roman Moral Values ■ The Patron-Client System ■ The Roman Family ■ Education for Public Life ■ Public and Private Religion

From Monarchy to Republic

Roman Society under the Kings, 753–509 b.c.e. ■ The Early Roman Republic, 509–287 b.c.e.

Roman Imperialism and Its Consequences

Expansion in Italy, 500–220 b.c.e. ■ Wars with Carthage and in the East, 264–121 b.c.e. ■ Greek Influence on Roman Literature and the Arts ■ Stresses on Society from Imperialism

Civil War and the Destruction of the Republic

The Gracchus Brothers and Violence in Politics, 133–121 b.c.e. ■ Marius and the Origin of Client Armies, 107–100 b.c.e. ■ Sulla and Civil War, 91–78 b.c.e. ■ Julius Caesar and the Collapse of the Republic, 83–44 b.c.e.

Conclusion

Chapter 5 Review

Chapter 6

The Creation of the Roman Empire, 44 b.c.e.–284 c.e.

From Republic to Empire, 44 b.c.e.–14 c.e.

Civil War, 44–27 b.c.e. ■ The Creation of the Principate, 27 b.c.e.–14 c.e. ■ Daily Life in the Rome of Augustus ■ Changes in Education, Literature, and Art in Augustus’s Rome

Politics and Society in the Early Roman Empire

The Perpetuation of the Principate after Augustus, 14–180 c.e. ■ Life in the Roman Golden Age, 96–180 c.e.

The Emergence of Christianity in the Early Roman Empire

Jesus and His Teachings ■ Growth of a New Religion ■ Competing Religious Beliefs

From Stability to Crisis in the Third Century c.e.

Threats to the Northern and Eastern Frontiers of the Early Roman Empire ■ Uncontrolled Spending, Natural Disasters, and Political Crisis, 193–284 c.e.

Conclusion

Chapter 6 Review

Chapter 7

The Transformation of the Roman Empire, 284–600 c.e.

From Principate to Dominate in the Late Roman Empire, 284–395

The Political Transformation and Division of the Roman Empire ■ The Social Consequences of Financial Pressures ■ From the Great Persecution to Religious Freedom

The Official Christianization of the Empire, 312–c. 540

Polytheism and Christianity in Competition ■ The Struggle for Clarification in Christian Belief ■ The Emergence of Christian Monks

Non-Roman Kingdoms in the Western Roman Empire, c. 370–550s

Non-Roman Migrations into the Western Roman Empire ■ Social and Cultural Transformation in the Western Roman Empire

The Roman Empire in the East, c. 500–565

Imperial Society in the Eastern Roman Empire ■ The Reign of Emperor Justinian, 527–565 ■ The Preservation of Classical Traditions in the Late Roman Empire

Conclusion

Chapter 7 Review

Chapter 8

The Heirs of Rome: Islam, Byzantium, and Europe, 600–750

Islam: A New Religion and a New Empire

Nomads and City Dwellers ■ The Prophet Muhammad and the Faith of Islam ■ Growth of Islam, c. 610–632 ■ The Caliphs, Muhammad’s Successors, 632–750 ■ Peace and Prosperity in Islamic Lands

Byzantium Besieged

Wars on the Frontiers, c. 570–750 ■ From an Urban to a Rural Way of Life ■ New Military and Cultural Forms ■ Religion, Politics, and Iconoclasm

Western Europe: A Medley of Kingdoms

Frankish Kingdoms with Roman Roots ■ Economic Activity in a Peasant Society ■ The Powerful in Merovingian Society ■ Christianity and Classical Culture in the British Isles ■ Unity in Spain, Division in Italy ■ Political Tensions and the Power of the Pope

Conclusion

Chapter 8 Review

Chapter 9

From Centralization to Fragmentation, 750–1050

The Byzantine Emperor and Local Elites

Imperial Power ■ The Macedonian Renaissance, c. 870–c. 1025 ■ The Dynatoi: A New Landowning Elite ■ The Formation of Eastern Europe and Kievan Rus

The Rise and Fall of the Abbasid Caliphate

The Abbasid Caliphate, 750–936 ■ Regional Diversity in Islamic Lands ■ Unity of Commerce and Language ■ The Islamic Renaissance, c. 790–c. 1050

The Carolingian Empire

The Rise of the Carolingians ■ Charlemagne and His Kingdom, 768–814 ■ The Carolingian Renaissance, c. 790–c. 900 ■ Charlemagne’s Successors, 814–911 ■ Land and Power ■ Viking, Muslim, and Magyar Invasions, c. 790–955

After the Carolingians: The Emergence of Local Rule

Public Power and Private Relationships ■ Warriors and Warfare ■ Efforts to Contain Violence ■ Political Communities in Italy, England, and France ■ Emperors and Kings in Central and Eastern Europe

Conclusion

Chapter 9 Review

Chapter 10

Commercial Quickening and Religious Reform, 1050–1150

The Commercial Revolution

Fairs, Towns, and Cities ■ Organizing Crafts and Commerce ■ Communes: Self-Government for the Towns ■ The Commercial Revolution in the Countryside

Church Reform

Beginnings of Reform ■ The Gregorian Reform and the Investiture Conflict, 1075–1122 ■ The Sweep of Reform ■ New Monastic Orders of Poverty

The Crusades

Calling the Crusade ■ The First Crusade ■ The Crusader States ■ The Disastrous Second Crusade ■ The Long-Term Impact of the Crusades

The Revival of Monarchies

Reconstructing the Empire at Byzantium ■ England under Norman Rule ■ Praising the King of France ■ Surviving as Emperor

Conclusion

Chapter 10 Review

Chapter 11

The Flowering of the Middle Ages, 1150–1215

New Schools and Churches

The New Learning and the Rise of the University ■ Architectural Style: From Romanesque to Gothic

Governments as Institutions

England: Unity through Common Law ■ France: Consolidation and Conquest ■ Germany: The Revived Monarchy of Frederick Barbarossa ■ Eastern Europe and Byzantium: Fragmenting Realms

The Growth of a Vernacular High Culture

The Troubadours: Poets of Love and Play ■ The Birth of Epic and Romance Literature

Religious Fervor and Crusade

New Religious Orders in the Cities ■ Disastrous Crusades to the Holy Land ■ Victorious Crusades in Europe and on Its Frontiers

Conclusion

Chapter 11 Review

Chapter 12

The Medieval Synthesis — and Its Cracks, 1215–1340

The Church’s Mission

Innocent III and the Fourth Lateran Council ■ Inquisition ■ Lay Piety ■ Jews as Outcasts

Reconciling This World and the Next

The Achievements and Failures of Scholasticism ■ New Syntheses in Writing and Music ■ Gothic Art

The Politics of Control

The Weakening of the Empire ■ Louis IX and a New Ideal of Kingship ■ The Birth of Representative Institutions ■ The Weakening of the Papacy ■ The Rise of the Signori ■ The Mongol Takeover ■ The Great Famine

Conclusion

Chapter 12 Review

Chapter 13

Crisis and Renaissance, 1340–1492

Crisis: Disease, War, and Schism

The Plague Comes to Europe ■ The Hundred Years’ War, 1337–1453 ■ The Ottoman Conquest of Constantinople, 1453 ■ The Great Schism, 1378–1417

The Renaissance: New Forms of Thought and Expression

Renaissance Humanism ■ The Arts

Consolidating Power

New Political Formations in Eastern Europe ■ Powerful States in Western Europe ■ Republics ■ The Tools of Power

Conclusion

Chapter 13 Review

Chapter 14

Global Encounters and the Shock of the Reformation, 1492–1560

The Discovery of New Worlds

Portuguese Explorations ■ The Voyages of Columbus ■ A New Era in Slavery ■ Conquering the New World ■ The Columbian Exchange

The Protestant Reformation

The Invention of Printing ■ Popular Piety and Christian Humanism ■ Martin Luther’s Challenge ■ Protestantism Spreads and Divides ■ The Contested Church of England

Reshaping Society through Religion

Protestant Challenges to the Social Order ■ New Forms of Discipline ■ Catholic Renewal

Striving for Mastery

Courtiers and Princes ■ Dynastic Wars ■ Financing War ■ Divided Realms

Conclusion

Chapter 14 Review

Chapter 15

Wars of Religion and the Clash of Worldviews, 1560–1648

Religious Conflicts Threaten State Power, 1560–1618

French Wars of Religion, 1562–1598 ■ Dutch Revolt against Spain ■ Elizabeth I’s Defense of English Protestantism ■ The Clash of Faiths and Empires in Eastern Europe

The Thirty Years’ War, 1618–1648

Origins and Course of the War ■ The Effects of Constant Fighting ■ The Peace of Westphalia, 1648

Economic Crisis and Realignment

From Growth to Recession ■ Consequences for Daily Life ■ The Economic Balance of Power

The Rise of Science and a Scientific Worldview

The Scientific Revolution ■ The Natural Laws of Politics ■ The Arts in an Age of Crisis ■ Magic and Witchcraft

Conclusion

Chapter 15 Review

Chapter 16

Absolutism, Constitutionalism, and the Search for Order, 1640–1700

Louis XIV: Absolutism and Its Limits

The Fronde, 1648–1653 ■ Court Culture as an Element of Absolutism ■ Enforcing Religious Orthodoxy ■ Extending State Authority at Home and Abroad

Constitutionalism in England

England Turned Upside Down, 1642–1660 ■ Restoration and Revolution Again

■ Social Contract Theory: Hobbes and Locke

Outposts of Constitutionalism

The Dutch Republic ■ Freedom and Slavery in the New World

Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe

Poland-Lithuania Overwhelmed ■ Brandenburg-Prussia: Militaristic Absolutism ■ An Uneasy Balance: Austrian Habsburgs and Ottoman Turks ■ Russia: Setting the Foundations of Bureaucratic Absolutism

The Search for Order in Elite and Popular Culture

Freedom and Constraint in the Arts and Sciences ■ Women and Manners ■ Reforming Popular Culture

Conclusion

Chapter 16 Review

Chapter 17

The Atlantic System and Its Consequences, 1700–1750

The Atlantic System and the World Economy

Slavery and the Atlantic System ■ World Trade and Settlement ■ The Birth of Consumer Society

New Social and Cultural Patterns

Agricultural Revolution ■ Social Life in the Cities ■ New Tastes in the Arts ■ Religious Revivals

Consolidation of the European State System

A New Power Alignment ■ British Rise and Dutch Decline ■ Russia’s Emergence as a European Power ■ Continuing Dynastic Struggles ■ The Power of Diplomacy and the Importance of Population

The Birth of the Enlightenment

Popularization of Science and Challenges to Religion ■ Travel Literature and the Challenge to Custom and Tradition ■ Raising the Woman Question

Conclusion

Chapter 17 Review

Glossary of Key Terms G-1

Acknowledgments A-1

Index I-1

About the Authors

Authors

Lynn Hunt

Lynn Hunt (PhD., Stanford University) is Distinguished Research Professor at University of California, Los Angeles. She is the author or editor of several books, including most recently Writing History in the Global Era; The French and Revolution and Napoleon: Crucible of the Modern World and History: Why It Matters.

Thomas R. Martin

Thomas R. Martin (PhD., Harvard University) is Jeremiah O’Connor Professor in Classics at the College of the Holy Cross. He is the author of several books including Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, and most recently Pericles: A Biography in Context. He was one of the originators of the Perseus Digital Library (www.perseus.tufts.edu).

Barbara H. Rosenwein

Barbara H. Rosenwein (PhD., University of Chicago) is professor emerita of history at Loyola University Chicago and has been visiting professor at the Universities of Utrecht (Netherlands), Gothenburg (Sweden), and Oxford (Trinity College, England). She is the author or editor of many books, including A Short History of the Middle Ages; with co-author Elina Gertsman, The Middle Ages in 50 Objects; and most recently, Anger: The Conflicted History of an Emotion.

Bonnie G. Smith

Bonnie G. Smith (PhD., University of Rochester) is Board of Governors Distinguished Professor of History at Rutgers University. She is author or editor most recently of Modern Empires: A Reader; Women in World History since 1450; and a new version of Europe in the Contemporary World since 1900, among other works.

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