Exploring American Histories, Volume 2
Fourth Edition ©2022 Nancy Hewitt; Steven Lawson Formats: Achieve, E-book, Print
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Authors
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Nancy A. Hewitt
Nancy A. Hewitt (Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania) is Professor Emerita of History and of Women’s and Gender Studies at Rutgers University. Her publications include Radical Friend: Amy Kirby Post and Her Activist Worlds, for which she won the SHEAR prize in biography; Women’s Activism and Social Change: Rochester, New York, 1822–1872; Southern Discomfort: Women’s Activism in Tampa, Florida, 1880s–1920s, and the second edition of A Companion to American Women’s History, edited with Anne M. Valk.
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Steven F. Lawson
Steven F. Lawson (Ph.D., Columbia University) is Professor Emeritus of History at Rutgers University. His research interests include U.S. politics since 1945 and the history of the civil rights movement, with a particular focus on black politics and the interplay between civil rights and political culture in the mid-twentieth century. He is the author of many works including Running for Freedom: Civil Rights and Black Politics in America since 1941; Debating the Civil Rights Movement; Black Ballots: Voting Rights in the South, 1944–1969; and In Pursuit of Power: Southern Blacks and Electoral Politics, 1965–1982.
Table of Contents
The Combined Volume includes all chapters.
Volume 1 includes Chapters 1-14.
Volume 2 includes Chapters 14-29.
NOTE: Achieve for Exploring American Histories, 4e includes additional activities and assessments for the book content. Along with the interactive e-books for the main text and the companion source reader, Achieve provides quizzes for the source features in the book and the documents in the companion reader, LearningCurve adaptive quizzing, and a variety of autograded exercises that help students develop their historical thinking skills. Many of these resources are set up for quick use in the pre-built courses in Achieve, which can be customized easily, and Achieve also allows instructors to create quiz questions and upload their own documents.
Preface
Versions and Supplements
Maps, Figures, and Tables
How to Use This Book
Chapter 14
Emancipation and Reconstruction, 1863–1877
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Jefferson Long and Andrew Johnson
Emancipation
African Americans Embrace Freedom
Reuniting Families Torn Apart by Slavery
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 14.1 Freedpeople Petition for Land, 1865
Freedom to Learn
Freedom to Worship and the Leadership Role of Black Churches
National Reconstruction
Abraham Lincoln Plans for Reunification
Andrew Johnson and Presidential Reconstruction
Johnson and Congressional Resistance
Congressional Reconstruction
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Debating the Freedmen’s Bureau
Source 14.2 Colonel Eliphalet Whittlesey, Report on the Freedman’s Bureau, 1865
Source 14.3 Democratic Flier Opposing the Freedman’s Bureau Bill, 1866
The Struggle for Universal Suffrage
Remaking the South
Whites Reconstruct the South
Black Political Participation and Economic Opportunities
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Race and Reconstruction
Source 14.4 William A. Dunning, Radical Reconstruction (1907)
Source 14.5 John Hope Franklin, The South’s New Leaders (1961)
White Resistance to Congressional Reconstruction
The Unraveling of Reconstruction
The Republican Retreat
Congressional and Judicial Retreat
The Presidential Compromise of 1876
Conclusion: The Legacies of Reconstruction
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 14
Testing and Contesting Freedom
Source 14.6 Mississippi Black Code, 1865 | Source 14.7 Richard H. Cain, Federal Aid for Land Purchase, 1868 | Source 14.8 Willis B. Bocock and Black Laborers, Sharecropping Agreement, 1870 | Source 14.9 Ellen Parton, Testimony on Klan Violence, 1871 | Source 14.10 Thomas Nast, Colored Rule in a Reconstructed (?) State, 1874
Chapter 15
The West, 1865–1896
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Annie Oakley and Geronimo
Opening the West
The Great Plains
Federal Policy and Foreign Investment
Indians and Resistance to Expansion
Indian Civilizations
Federal Policy toward Indians before 1870
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 15.1 Buffalo Hunting, c. 1875
Reconstruction and Indians
Indian Defeat
Reforming Indian Policy
Indian Assimilation and Resistance
The Mining and Lumber Industries
The Business of Mining
Life in the Mining Towns
The Lumber Boom
The Cattle Industry and Commercial Farming
The Life of the Cowboy
The Rise of Commercial Ranching
Commercial Farming
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Cowboy Myths and Realities
Source 15.2 Poster Advertising Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show, 1893
Source 15.3 George C. Duffield, Diary of a Real Cowboy, 1866
Women Homesteaders
Farming on the Great Plains
Diversity in the Far West
Mormons
Californios and Mexican Americans
The Chinese
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
The Significance of the Frontier
Source 15.4 Frederick Jackson Turner, The Significance of the Frontier in American History, 1893
Source 15.5 Patricia Nelson Limerick, Deemphasizing the Concept of the Frontier, 1987
Conclusion: The Ambiguous Legacy of the West
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 15
American Indians and Whites in the West
Source 15.6 James Michael Cavanaugh, Support for Indian Extermination, 1868 | Source 15.7 Helen Hunt Jackson, Challenges to Indian Policy, 1881 | Source 15.8 Thomas Nast, "Patience until the Indian Is Civilized—So to Speak," 1878 | Source 15.9 Zitkala-Ša, Life at an Indian Boarding School, 1921 | Source 15.10 Chief Joseph, Views on Indian Affairs, 1879
Chapter 16
Industrial America, 1877–1900
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Andrew Carnegie and John Sherman
America Industrializes
The New Industrial Economy
Innovation and Inventions
Building a New South
Industrial Consolidation
The Growth of Corporations
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 16.1 Horace Taylor, What a Funny Little Government, 1900
Laissez-Faire, Social Darwinism, and Their Critics
The Doctrines of Success
Challenges to Laissez-Faire
Society and Culture in the Gilded Age
Wealthy and Middle-Class Leisure-Time Pursuits
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Leisure-Class Women
Source 16.2 The Delineator, 1900
Source 16.3 Alice Austen and Trude Eccleston, 1891
Changing Gender Roles
Black America and Jim Crow
National Politics in the Era of Industrialization
The Weak Presidency
Congressional Inefficiency
The Business of Politics
An Energized and Entertained Electorate
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Robber Baron or Captain of Industry?
Source 16.4 Matthew Josephson, The Robber Barons, 1934
Source 16.5 Ron Chernow, John D. Rockefeller, Industrial Statesman, 1998
Conclusion: Industrial America
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 16
Debates about Laissez-Faire
Source 16.6 William Graham Sumner, A Defense of Laissez-Faire, 1883 | Source 16.7 Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward, 2000–1887, 1888 | Source 16.8 Andrew Carnegie, The Gospel of Wealth, 1889 | Source 16.9 Henry Demarest Lloyd, Critique of Wealth, 1894
Chapter 17
Workers and Farmers in the Age of Organization, 1877–1900
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
John McLuckie and Mary Elizabeth Lease
Working People Organize
The Industrialization of Labor
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 17.1 John Morrison, Testimony on the Impact of Mechanization, 1883
Organizing Unions
Clashes between Workers and Owners
Working-Class Leisure in Industrial America
Farmers Organize
Farmers Unite
Populists Rise Up
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Farmers and Workers Organize: Two Views
Source 17.2 Walter Huston, Here Lies Prosperity, 1895
Source 17.3 Populist Party Platform, 1892
The Depression of the 1890s
Depression Politics
Political Realignment in the Election of 1896
The Decline of the Populists
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
The Agrarian Myth and Populism
Source 17.4 Richard Hofstadter, The Agrarian Myth, 1955
Source 17.5 Charles Postel, The Populist Vision, 2007
Conclusion: A Passion for Organization
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 17
The Pullman Strike of 1894
Source 17.6 George Pullman, Testimony before the U.S. Strike Commission, 1894 | Source 17.7 Eugene V. Debs, On Radicalism, 1902 | Source 17.8 Jennie Curtis, Testimony before the U.S. Strike Commission, 1894 | Source 17.9 Report from the Commission to Investigate the Chicago Strike, 1895
Chapter 18
Cities, Immigrants, and the Nation, 1880–1914
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Beryl Lassin and Maria Vik Takacs
A New Wave of Immigrants
Immigrants Arrive from Many Lands
Creating Immigrant Communities
Hostility toward Recent Immigrants
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 18.1 Anzia Yerzierska, Immigrant Fathers and Daughters, 1925
The Assimilation Dilemma
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
The Chinese in America
Source 18.2 Saum Song Bo, "A Chinese View of the Statue of Liberty" 1885
Source 18.3 Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 1886
Becoming an Urban Nation
The New Industrial City
Expand Upward and Outward
How the Other Half Lived
Urban Politics at the Turn of the Century
Political Machines and City Bosses
Urban Reformers
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Immigration, Nativism, and Whiteness
Source 18.4 John Higham, Nativism and Race, 1955
Source 18.5 Katherine Benton-Cohen, Nativism, Mexicans, and Whiteness, 2009
Conclusion: A Nation of Cities
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 18
"Melting Pot" or "Vegetable Soup"?
Source 18.6 Israel Zangwill, The Melting-Pot, 1908 | Source 18.7 "The Mortar of Assimilation—And the One Element That Won’t Mix," 1889 | Source 18.8 "Be Just—Even to John Chinaman," 1893 | Source 18.9 Alfred P. Schultz, The Mongrelization of America, 1908 | Source 18.10 Randolph S. Bourne, Trans-national America, 1916
Chapter 19
Progressivism and the Search for Order, 1900–1917
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Gifford Pinchot and Gene Stratton-Porter
The Roots of Progressivism
Progressive Origins
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 19.1 Walter Rauschenbusch, Christianity and the Social Crisis, 1907
Muckrakers
Humanitarian and Social Justice Reform
Female Progressives and the Poor
Fighting for Women’s Suffrage
Progressivism and African Americans
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Addressing Racial Inequality
Source 19.2 Booker T. Washington, The Atlanta Compromise, 1895
Source 19.3 Ida B. Wells, A Critique of Booker T. Washington, 1904
Progressivism and Indians
Morality and Social Control
Prohibition
Prostitution, Narcotics, and Juvenile Delinquency
Birth Control
Immigration Restriction
Good Government Progressivism
Municipal and State Reform
Conservation and Preservation of the Environment
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Progressivism in White and Black
Source 19.4 C. Van Woodward, Progressivism for Whites Only, 1951
Source 19.5 Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, Southern Black Women and Progressivism, 1996
Presidential Progressivism
Theodore Roosevelt and the Square Deal
Taft Retreats from Progressivism
The Election of 1912
Woodrow Wilson and the New Freedom Agenda
Conclusion: The Progressive Legacy
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 19
Women’s Suffrage and Passage of the Nineteenth Amendment
Source 19.6 Jane Addams, "Why Women Should Vote," 1910 | Source 19.7 Adella Hunt Logan, "Colored Women as Voters," 1912 | Source 19.8 Belle Kearney, "The South and Women’s Suffrage," 1903 | Source 19.9 Rose Winslow, Prison Notes, 1917 | Source 19.10 America When Feminized, c. 1919-1920
Chapter 20
Empire, Wars, and Pandemic, 1898–1919
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Alfred Thayer Mahan and José Martí
The Awakening of Imperialism
The Economics of Expansion
Cultural Justifications for Imperialism
Gender and Empire
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 20.1 Rudyard Kipling, "The White Man’s Burden," 1899
The War with Spain
Revolution in Cuba
The War of 1898
The Pacification of Cuba
The Philippine War
Extending U.S. Imperialism, 1899–1913
Theodore Roosevelt and "Big Stick" Diplomacy
Opening the Door in China
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Fighting in the Philippines
Source 20.2 President McKinley Defends His Decision
Source 20.3 William Carson, "A Bigger Job Than He Thought For," 1899
Wilson and American Foreign Policy, 1912–1917
Diplomacy and War
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
The U.S. Chooses to Enter World War I
Source 20.4 Arthur S. Link, Woodrow Wilson and Neutrality, 1963
Source 20.5 John Whiteclay Chambers II, Woodrow Wilson’s Unneutral Neutrality, 2000
Making the World Safe for Democracy
Fighting the War at Home
Government by Commission
Winning Hearts and Minds
1918-19 Influenza Pandemic
Waging Peace
The Failure of Ratification
Conclusion: A U.S. Empire
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 20
The Challenges of the 1918-19 Influenza Pandemic
Source 20.6 Philadelphia Inquirer Describes the Crisis, 1918 | Source 20.7 A Letter from a Native American, Volunteer Nurse, 1918 | Source 20.8 Advertisement to Stop Influenza, 1918 | Source 20.9 Dr. A. Wilberforce Williams on Fake Influenza Remedies, 1918 | Source 20.10 U.S. Public Health Service Information on Influenza, 1919
Chapter 21
The Twenties, 1919–1929
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
D. C. Stephenson and Ossian Sweet
Social Turmoil
The Red Scare, 1919–1920
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 21.1 A. Mitchell Palmer, The Case against the Reds, 1920
Racial Violence in the Postwar Era
Prosperity, Consumption, and Growth
Government Promotion of the Economy
Americans Become Consumers
Urbanization
Perilous Prosperity
Challenges to Social Conventions
Breaking with the Old Morality
The Harlem Renaissance
Marcus Garvey and Black Nationalism
Culture Wars
Prohibition
Nativists versus Immigrants
Resurrection of the Ku Klux Klan
Fundamentalism versus Modernism
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Men and Women of the KKK
Source 21.2 Gerald W. Johnson, The Ku Kluxer, 1924
Source 21.3 Women of the Ku Klux Klan, 1927
Politics and the Fading of Prosperity
The Battle for the Soul of the Democratic Party
Lingering Progressivism
Financial Crash
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
The Impact of Prohibition
Source 21.4 Andrew Sinclair, The Excesses of Prohibition, 1962
Source 21.5 Lisa McGirr, The National State and Crime Control, 2016
Conclusion: The Transitional Twenties
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 21
The New Negro and the Harlem Renaissance
Source 21.6 A. Philip Randolph and Chandler Owen, "The New Negro—What Is He?" 1919 | Source 21.7 Claude McKay, "If We Must Die," 1919 | Source 21.8 Langston Hughes, "The Negro Speaks of Rivers," 1921 | Source 21.9 Aaron Douglas, Illustration, The New Negro, 1925 | Source 21.10 Bessie Smith, "Down-Hearted Blues," 1923
Chapter 22
Depression, Dissent, and the New Deal, 1929–1940
AMERICAN HISTORIES
Eleanor Roosevelt and Luisa Moreno
The Great Depression
Hoover Faces the Depression
Hoovervilles and Dust Storms
Challenges for Racial Minorities
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 22.1 Plea from the Scottsboro Prisoners, 1932
Families under Strain
Organized Protest
The New Deal
Roosevelt Restores Confidence
Steps toward Recovery
Direct Assistance and Relief
New Deal Critics
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Letters to Eleanor Roosevelt
Source 22.2 Mildred Isbell to Mrs. Roosevelt, January 1, 1936
Source 22.3 Minnie Harden to Mrs. Roosevelt, December 14, 1937
The New Deal Moves to the Left
Expanding Relief Measures
Establishing Social Security
Organized Labor Strikes Back
A Half Deal for Racial Minorities
Decline of the New Deal
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
New Deal or Raw Deal
Source 22.4 William E. Leuchtenburg, The Roosevelt Reconstruction, 1963
Source 22.5 Barton J. Bernstein, The Conservative Achievements of Liberal Reform, 1969
Conclusion: New Deal Liberalism
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 22
The Depression in Rural America
Source 22.6 Ann Marie Low, Dust Bowl Diary, 1934 | Source 22.7 John P. Davis, A Black Inventory of the New Deal, 1935 | Source 22.8 A Sharecropper’s Family in Washington County, Arkansas, 1935 | Source 22.9 Martin Torres, Protest Against Maltreatment of Mexican Laborers in California, 1934 | Source 22.10 Otis Nation, Testimony to the Great Plains Committee, 1937
Chapter 23
World War II, 1933–1945
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
J. Robert Oppenheimer and Fred Korematsu
The Road toward War
The Growing Crisis in Europe
The Challenge to Isolationism
The United States Enters the War
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 23.1 Monica Sone, Memories of Pearl Harbor
The Home-Front Economy
Managing the Wartime Economy
New Opportunities for Women
Everyday Life on the Home Front
Fighting for Equality at Home
The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement
Struggles for Mexican Americans
American Indians
The Ordeal of Japanese Americans
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Japanese American Internment
Source 23.2 Charles Kikuchi, Internment Diary, 1942
Source 23.3 Justice Hugo Black, Korematsu v. United States, 1944
Global War
War in Europe
War in the Pacific
Ending the War
Evidence of the Holocaust
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
The Roosevelt Administration and the Holocaust
Source 23.4 David S. Wyman, FDR Abandoned the Jews, 1984
Source 23.5 Richard Breitman and Allan J. Lichtman, FDR Did Not Abandon the Jews, 2013
Conclusion: The Impact of World War II
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 23
The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb
Source 23.6 Petition to the President of the United States, July 17, 1945 | Source 23.7 President Harry S. Truman, Press Release on the Atomic Bomb, August 6, 1945 | Source 23.8 Hiroshima, August 6, 1945 | Source 23.9 U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey, 1946 | Source 23.10 Father Johannes Siemes, Eyewitness Account of the Hiroshima Bombing, 1945
Chapter 24
The Opening of the Cold War, 1945–1961
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
George Kennan and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
The Origins of the Cold War, 1945–1947
Mutual Misunderstandings
The Truman Doctrine
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 24.1 Henry Wallace, The Way to Peace, 1946
The Marshall Plan and Economic Containment
The Cold War Hardens, 1948–1953
Military Containment
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
The Marshall Plan and the Soviet Union
Source 24.2 George C. Marshall, The Marshall Plan, 1947
Source 24.3 Vyacheslav Molotov, Soviet Objections to the Marshall Plan, 1947
The Korean War
The Korean War and the Imperial Presidency
Combating Communism at Home, 1945–1954
Loyalty and the Second Red Scare
McCarthyism
The Cold War Expands, 1953 –1961
Nuclear Weapons and Containment
Decolonization
Interventions in the Middle East, Latin America, and Africa
Early Intervention in Vietnam, 1954–1960
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Causes of the Cold War
Source 24.4 William Appleman Williams, Expanding the Economic Open Door, 1959
Source 24.5 John Lewis Gaddis, Competing Ideologies, 1972
Conclusion: The Cold War and Anticommunism
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 24
McCarthyism and the Hollywood Ten
Source 24.6 Ronald Reagan, Testimony before HUAC, 1947 | Source 24.7 John Howard Lawson, Testimony before HUAC, 1947 | Source 24.8 The Waldorf Statement and the Introduction of the Blacklist, 1947 | Source 24.9 Herblock, "You Mean I’m Supposed to Stand on That," 1950 | Source 24.10 Lillian Hellman, Letter to HUAC, 1952
Chapter 25
Troubled Innocence, 1945–1961
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Alan Freed and Grace Metalious
Peacetime Transition and the Boom Years
Peacetime Challenges, 1945–1948
Economic Conversion and Labor Discontent
Truman, the New Deal Coalition, and the Election of 1948
Economic Boom
Baby Boom
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 25.1 Adlai E. Stevenson, "A Purpose for Modern Woman,"1955
Changes in Living Patterns
The Culture of the 1950s
The Rise of Television
Wild Ones on the Big Screen
The Influence of Teenage Culture
The Lives of Women
Religious Revival
Beats and Other Nonconformists
The Growth of the Civil Rights Movement
The Rise of the Southern Civil Rights Movement
School Segregation and the Supreme Court
The Montgomery Bus Boycott
White Resistance to Desegregation
The Sit-Ins
Civil Rights Struggles in the North
Civil Rights Struggles in the West
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
The Civil Rights Movement and Its Opponents
Source 25.2 The Southern Manifesto, 1956
Source 25.3 Ella Baker, "Bigger Than a Hamburger," 1960
Domestic Politics in the Eisenhower Era
Modern Republicanism
The Election of 1960
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
When Did the Civil Rights Movement Begin?
Source 25.4 Jacquelyn Dowd Hall, The Long Civil Rights Movement, 2005
Source 25.5 Steven F. Lawson, The Short Civil Rights Movement, 2011
Conclusion: Postwar Politics and Culture
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 25
Teenagers in Postwar America
Source 25.6 Dick Clark, Your Happiest Years, 1959 | Source 25.7 Charlotte Jones, Letter on Elvis, 1957 | Source 25.8 The Desegregation of Central High School, 1957 | Source 25.9 Gloria Lopez-Stafford, A Mexican American Childhood in El Paso, Texas, 1949 | Source 25.10 "Why No Chinese American Delinquents?" 1955
Chapter 26
Liberalism and Its Challengers, 1960–1973
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Earl Warren and Bayard Rustin
The Politics of Liberalism
Kennedy’s New Frontier
Kennedy, the Cold War, and Cuba
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 26.1 Edmund Valtman, The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962
The Civil Rights Movement Intensifies, 1961–1968
Freedom Rides
Kennedy Supports Civil Rights
Freedom Summer and Voting Rights
Civil Rights and Black Power
Federal Efforts toward Social Reform, 1964–1968
The Great Society
The Warren Court
The Vietnam War, 1961–1969
Kennedy’s Intervention in South Vietnam
Johnson Escalates the War in Vietnam
Challenges to the Liberal Establishment
The New Left
The Counterculture
Liberation Movements
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Chicano and Native American Freedom Movements
Source 26.2 Chicano Student Movement of Aztlán, 1969
Source 26.3 The Alcatraz Proclamation, 1969
The Revival of Conservatism
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Race and Class in Second Wave Feminism
Source 26.4 Anne Valk, Feminist Interactions, 2008
Source 26.5 Linda Gordon, Race, Class, and Feminism, 2014
Conclusion: Liberalism and Its Discontents
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 26
Freedom Summer
Source 26.6 Prospectus for Mississippi Freedom Summer, 1964
Source 26.7 Nancy Ellin, Letter Describing Freedom Summer, 1964 | Source 26.8 White Southerners Respond to Freedom Summer, 1964 | Source 26.9 Fannie Lou Hamer, Address to the Democratic National Convention Credentials Committee, 1964 | Source 26.10 Lyndon B. Johnson, Monitoring the MFDP Challenge, 1964
Chapter 27
The Swing toward Conservatism, 1968–1980
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Pauli Murray and Louise Day Hicks
Nixon: War and Diplomacy, 1969–1974
The Election of 1968
The Failure of Vietnamization
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 27.1 Richard Nixon, Speech Accepting the Republican Nomination for President, August 8, 1968
The Cold War Thaws
Crisis in the Middle East and at Home
Nixon and Politics, 1969–1974
Pragmatic Conservatism
The Nixon Landslide and Watergate Scandal, 1972–1974
The Presidency of Jimmy Carter, 1976–1980
Jimmy Carter and the Limits of Affluence
The Perils of Détente
Challenges in the Middle East
The Persistence of Liberalism in the 1970s
Popular Culture
Women’s Movement
Environmentalism
Racial Struggles Continue
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Women of Color and Feminism
Source 27.2 Workshop Resolutions, First National Chicana Conference, 1971
Source 27.3 Combahee River Collective, A Black Feminist Statement, 1977
Mexican Americans Challenge Discrimination
The New Right Rises
Tax Revolt
Neo-Conservatism
Christian Conservatism
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
The Rise of the New Right
Source 27.4 Dan T. Carter, George Wallace, Race, and the New Right, 1996
Source 27.5 Daniel K. Williams, The Christian Right, 2010
Conclusion: The Swing toward Conservatism
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 27
The New Right and Its Critics
Source 27.6 Proposition 13, California, 1978 | Source 27.7 Phyllis Schlafly, "What’s Wrong with ‘Equal Rights’ for Women?" 1972 | Source 27.8 Gloria Steinem, Testimony on the Equal Rights Amendment, May 6, 1970 | Source 27.9 Paul Weyrich, Building the Moral Majority, 1979 | Source 27.10 A. Bartlett Giamatti, The Moral Majority Threatens Freedom, 1981
Chapter 28
The Triumph of Conservatism, the End of the Cold War, and the Rise of the New World Order, 1980–1992
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
George Shultz and Demetria Martinez
The Reagan Revolution
Reagan and Reaganomics
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 28.1 Ronald Reagan, First Inaugural Address, January 20, 1981
The Implementation of Social Conservatism
Reagan and the End of the Cold War, 1981–1988
"The Evil Empire"
Human Rights and the Fight against Communism
Fighting International Terrorism
The Nuclear Freeze Movement
The Road to Nuclear De-escalation
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
The Nuclear Freeze Movement
Source 28.2 New Jersey Referendum on Nuclear Freeze, 1982
Source 28.3 United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, Pastoral Letter on War and Peace, 1983
The Presidency of George H. W. Bush, 1989–1993
"Kinder and Gentler" Conservatism
The Breakup of the Soviet Union
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
The End of the Cold War
Source 28.4 John Spanier, Gorbachev Needed to End the Cold War, 1992
Source 28.5 Beth Fischer, Reagan Ends the Cold War, 1997
Globalization and the New World Order
Managing Conflict after the Cold War
The 1992 Election
Conclusion: Conservative Ascendancy and the End of the Cold War
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 28
The Iran-Contra Affair
Source 28.6 The Boland Amendments, 1982 and 1984 | Source 28.7 CIA Freedom Fighter’s Manual, 1983 | Source 28.8 Ronald Reagan, Speech on the Iran-Contra Affair, 1987 | Source 28.9 Oliver North, Testimony to Congress, July 1987 | Source 28.10 George Mitchell, Response to Oliver North, 1987
Chapter 29
The Challenges of a Globalized World, 1993 to the present
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Bill Gates and Alicia Garza
Transforming American Society
The Computer Revolution
The Changing American Population
Political Polarization and Globalization in the Clinton Years
Politics during the Clinton Administration
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 29.1 Bo Yee, The New American Sweatshop, 1994
Global Challenges
The Presidency of George W. Bush
Bush and Compassionate Conservatism
The Iraq War
Bush’s Second Term
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
The War in Iraq
Source 29.2 George W. Bush, Declaration of Victory in Iraq, May 1, 2003
Source 29.3 Farnaz Fassihi, Report from Baghdad, 2004
The Challenges Faced by President Barack Obama
The Great Recession
Obama and the Great Recession
The 2010 Revolt Against Obama
Obama’s Second Term
Latinos and Immigration
Asian Americans
African Americans and Institutional Racism
The Native American Struggle Continued
Obama and the World
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
The Election of Barack Obama
Source 29.4 Frederick C. Harris, Decline of Black Politics, 2012
Source 29.5 Randall Kennedy, The Importance of Symbolism, 2011
The Presidency of Donald Trump
The 2016 Election
The Trump Presidency
Pandemic, Protests, and Politics
Conclusion: Technology and Terror in a Global Society
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 29
The Uses of September 11
Source 29.6 Diana Hoffman, "The Power of Freedom," 2002 | Source 29.7 Khaled Abou El Fadl, Response to September 11, 2001 | Source 29.8 Anti-Muslim Discrimination, 2011 | Source 29.9 Edward Snowden, Interview, 2014 | Source 29.10 Alice M. Greenwald, Message from the Director of the 9/11 Memorial Museum
Product Updates
New biographies in the chapter-opening Comparing American Histories reflect continued attention to racial and ethnic diversity. Among the new profiles are Powhatan, leader of the largest native confederacy in the mid-Atlantic region (chapter 2); Elizabeth (Mum Bett) Freeman whose freedom suit contributed to Massachusetts ending slavery during the American Revolution (chapter 6); José Antonio Menchaca a Tejano military leader who fought for Texas independence (chapter 11); Pauli Murray, the African American civil rights activist and feminist (chapter 27); and Alicia Garza, the African American community organizer and co-founder of Black Lives Matter (chapter 29).
Expanded coverage of diversity provides even greater representation of diverse peoples. For example, in chapter 3, coverage of Native Americans has been amplified and more names of specific tribes are included to highlight the variety and number of Native American nations. Chapter 6 has been reorganized in order to expand coverage of multi-ethnic, multiracial forces fighting on both sides in the Revolution. Chapter 21 includes new coverage of the Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921. And, chapter 26 includes coverage of Mexican American activist, Rejes Tijerna, and also the 1968 Bilingual Education Act. In addition to attention to regional, racial, and ethnic diversity, coverage of other historical developments has been updated such as systemic racism, pandemics, and the development of capitalist systems in various periods.
New Primary Source Projects provide students with fresh primary source materials to engage with, such as a project on Cherokee engagement with white society in Chapter 9 and a project on women’s suffrage and the ratification of the nineteenth amendment in Chapter 19.
Adjustments to chapter organization specifically in Chapters 12 and 13 allow for extended discussions on American Indians, Mexican Americans, African Americans and women during the Civil War and of black refugees who used the chaos of war to claim their independence.
Updates to the narrative include material on the divisive 2020 presidential election, the COVID-19 pandemic; the police killings of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor and the nationwide protests they inspired; the collapse of the U.S. economy caused by the pandemic; and the January 6, 2021 insurrection at the Capitol; and the subsequent second impeachment of Trump.
Authors
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Nancy A. Hewitt
Nancy A. Hewitt (Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania) is Professor Emerita of History and of Women’s and Gender Studies at Rutgers University. Her publications include Radical Friend: Amy Kirby Post and Her Activist Worlds, for which she won the SHEAR prize in biography; Women’s Activism and Social Change: Rochester, New York, 1822–1872; Southern Discomfort: Women’s Activism in Tampa, Florida, 1880s–1920s, and the second edition of A Companion to American Women’s History, edited with Anne M. Valk.
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Steven F. Lawson
Steven F. Lawson (Ph.D., Columbia University) is Professor Emeritus of History at Rutgers University. His research interests include U.S. politics since 1945 and the history of the civil rights movement, with a particular focus on black politics and the interplay between civil rights and political culture in the mid-twentieth century. He is the author of many works including Running for Freedom: Civil Rights and Black Politics in America since 1941; Debating the Civil Rights Movement; Black Ballots: Voting Rights in the South, 1944–1969; and In Pursuit of Power: Southern Blacks and Electoral Politics, 1965–1982.
Table of Contents
The Combined Volume includes all chapters.
Volume 1 includes Chapters 1-14.
Volume 2 includes Chapters 14-29.
NOTE: Achieve for Exploring American Histories, 4e includes additional activities and assessments for the book content. Along with the interactive e-books for the main text and the companion source reader, Achieve provides quizzes for the source features in the book and the documents in the companion reader, LearningCurve adaptive quizzing, and a variety of autograded exercises that help students develop their historical thinking skills. Many of these resources are set up for quick use in the pre-built courses in Achieve, which can be customized easily, and Achieve also allows instructors to create quiz questions and upload their own documents.
Preface
Versions and Supplements
Maps, Figures, and Tables
How to Use This Book
Chapter 14
Emancipation and Reconstruction, 1863–1877
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Jefferson Long and Andrew Johnson
Emancipation
African Americans Embrace Freedom
Reuniting Families Torn Apart by Slavery
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 14.1 Freedpeople Petition for Land, 1865
Freedom to Learn
Freedom to Worship and the Leadership Role of Black Churches
National Reconstruction
Abraham Lincoln Plans for Reunification
Andrew Johnson and Presidential Reconstruction
Johnson and Congressional Resistance
Congressional Reconstruction
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Debating the Freedmen’s Bureau
Source 14.2 Colonel Eliphalet Whittlesey, Report on the Freedman’s Bureau, 1865
Source 14.3 Democratic Flier Opposing the Freedman’s Bureau Bill, 1866
The Struggle for Universal Suffrage
Remaking the South
Whites Reconstruct the South
Black Political Participation and Economic Opportunities
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Race and Reconstruction
Source 14.4 William A. Dunning, Radical Reconstruction (1907)
Source 14.5 John Hope Franklin, The South’s New Leaders (1961)
White Resistance to Congressional Reconstruction
The Unraveling of Reconstruction
The Republican Retreat
Congressional and Judicial Retreat
The Presidential Compromise of 1876
Conclusion: The Legacies of Reconstruction
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 14
Testing and Contesting Freedom
Source 14.6 Mississippi Black Code, 1865 | Source 14.7 Richard H. Cain, Federal Aid for Land Purchase, 1868 | Source 14.8 Willis B. Bocock and Black Laborers, Sharecropping Agreement, 1870 | Source 14.9 Ellen Parton, Testimony on Klan Violence, 1871 | Source 14.10 Thomas Nast, Colored Rule in a Reconstructed (?) State, 1874
Chapter 15
The West, 1865–1896
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Annie Oakley and Geronimo
Opening the West
The Great Plains
Federal Policy and Foreign Investment
Indians and Resistance to Expansion
Indian Civilizations
Federal Policy toward Indians before 1870
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 15.1 Buffalo Hunting, c. 1875
Reconstruction and Indians
Indian Defeat
Reforming Indian Policy
Indian Assimilation and Resistance
The Mining and Lumber Industries
The Business of Mining
Life in the Mining Towns
The Lumber Boom
The Cattle Industry and Commercial Farming
The Life of the Cowboy
The Rise of Commercial Ranching
Commercial Farming
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Cowboy Myths and Realities
Source 15.2 Poster Advertising Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show, 1893
Source 15.3 George C. Duffield, Diary of a Real Cowboy, 1866
Women Homesteaders
Farming on the Great Plains
Diversity in the Far West
Mormons
Californios and Mexican Americans
The Chinese
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
The Significance of the Frontier
Source 15.4 Frederick Jackson Turner, The Significance of the Frontier in American History, 1893
Source 15.5 Patricia Nelson Limerick, Deemphasizing the Concept of the Frontier, 1987
Conclusion: The Ambiguous Legacy of the West
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 15
American Indians and Whites in the West
Source 15.6 James Michael Cavanaugh, Support for Indian Extermination, 1868 | Source 15.7 Helen Hunt Jackson, Challenges to Indian Policy, 1881 | Source 15.8 Thomas Nast, "Patience until the Indian Is Civilized—So to Speak," 1878 | Source 15.9 Zitkala-Ša, Life at an Indian Boarding School, 1921 | Source 15.10 Chief Joseph, Views on Indian Affairs, 1879
Chapter 16
Industrial America, 1877–1900
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Andrew Carnegie and John Sherman
America Industrializes
The New Industrial Economy
Innovation and Inventions
Building a New South
Industrial Consolidation
The Growth of Corporations
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 16.1 Horace Taylor, What a Funny Little Government, 1900
Laissez-Faire, Social Darwinism, and Their Critics
The Doctrines of Success
Challenges to Laissez-Faire
Society and Culture in the Gilded Age
Wealthy and Middle-Class Leisure-Time Pursuits
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Leisure-Class Women
Source 16.2 The Delineator, 1900
Source 16.3 Alice Austen and Trude Eccleston, 1891
Changing Gender Roles
Black America and Jim Crow
National Politics in the Era of Industrialization
The Weak Presidency
Congressional Inefficiency
The Business of Politics
An Energized and Entertained Electorate
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Robber Baron or Captain of Industry?
Source 16.4 Matthew Josephson, The Robber Barons, 1934
Source 16.5 Ron Chernow, John D. Rockefeller, Industrial Statesman, 1998
Conclusion: Industrial America
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 16
Debates about Laissez-Faire
Source 16.6 William Graham Sumner, A Defense of Laissez-Faire, 1883 | Source 16.7 Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward, 2000–1887, 1888 | Source 16.8 Andrew Carnegie, The Gospel of Wealth, 1889 | Source 16.9 Henry Demarest Lloyd, Critique of Wealth, 1894
Chapter 17
Workers and Farmers in the Age of Organization, 1877–1900
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
John McLuckie and Mary Elizabeth Lease
Working People Organize
The Industrialization of Labor
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 17.1 John Morrison, Testimony on the Impact of Mechanization, 1883
Organizing Unions
Clashes between Workers and Owners
Working-Class Leisure in Industrial America
Farmers Organize
Farmers Unite
Populists Rise Up
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Farmers and Workers Organize: Two Views
Source 17.2 Walter Huston, Here Lies Prosperity, 1895
Source 17.3 Populist Party Platform, 1892
The Depression of the 1890s
Depression Politics
Political Realignment in the Election of 1896
The Decline of the Populists
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
The Agrarian Myth and Populism
Source 17.4 Richard Hofstadter, The Agrarian Myth, 1955
Source 17.5 Charles Postel, The Populist Vision, 2007
Conclusion: A Passion for Organization
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 17
The Pullman Strike of 1894
Source 17.6 George Pullman, Testimony before the U.S. Strike Commission, 1894 | Source 17.7 Eugene V. Debs, On Radicalism, 1902 | Source 17.8 Jennie Curtis, Testimony before the U.S. Strike Commission, 1894 | Source 17.9 Report from the Commission to Investigate the Chicago Strike, 1895
Chapter 18
Cities, Immigrants, and the Nation, 1880–1914
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Beryl Lassin and Maria Vik Takacs
A New Wave of Immigrants
Immigrants Arrive from Many Lands
Creating Immigrant Communities
Hostility toward Recent Immigrants
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 18.1 Anzia Yerzierska, Immigrant Fathers and Daughters, 1925
The Assimilation Dilemma
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
The Chinese in America
Source 18.2 Saum Song Bo, "A Chinese View of the Statue of Liberty" 1885
Source 18.3 Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 1886
Becoming an Urban Nation
The New Industrial City
Expand Upward and Outward
How the Other Half Lived
Urban Politics at the Turn of the Century
Political Machines and City Bosses
Urban Reformers
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Immigration, Nativism, and Whiteness
Source 18.4 John Higham, Nativism and Race, 1955
Source 18.5 Katherine Benton-Cohen, Nativism, Mexicans, and Whiteness, 2009
Conclusion: A Nation of Cities
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 18
"Melting Pot" or "Vegetable Soup"?
Source 18.6 Israel Zangwill, The Melting-Pot, 1908 | Source 18.7 "The Mortar of Assimilation—And the One Element That Won’t Mix," 1889 | Source 18.8 "Be Just—Even to John Chinaman," 1893 | Source 18.9 Alfred P. Schultz, The Mongrelization of America, 1908 | Source 18.10 Randolph S. Bourne, Trans-national America, 1916
Chapter 19
Progressivism and the Search for Order, 1900–1917
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Gifford Pinchot and Gene Stratton-Porter
The Roots of Progressivism
Progressive Origins
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 19.1 Walter Rauschenbusch, Christianity and the Social Crisis, 1907
Muckrakers
Humanitarian and Social Justice Reform
Female Progressives and the Poor
Fighting for Women’s Suffrage
Progressivism and African Americans
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Addressing Racial Inequality
Source 19.2 Booker T. Washington, The Atlanta Compromise, 1895
Source 19.3 Ida B. Wells, A Critique of Booker T. Washington, 1904
Progressivism and Indians
Morality and Social Control
Prohibition
Prostitution, Narcotics, and Juvenile Delinquency
Birth Control
Immigration Restriction
Good Government Progressivism
Municipal and State Reform
Conservation and Preservation of the Environment
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Progressivism in White and Black
Source 19.4 C. Van Woodward, Progressivism for Whites Only, 1951
Source 19.5 Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, Southern Black Women and Progressivism, 1996
Presidential Progressivism
Theodore Roosevelt and the Square Deal
Taft Retreats from Progressivism
The Election of 1912
Woodrow Wilson and the New Freedom Agenda
Conclusion: The Progressive Legacy
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 19
Women’s Suffrage and Passage of the Nineteenth Amendment
Source 19.6 Jane Addams, "Why Women Should Vote," 1910 | Source 19.7 Adella Hunt Logan, "Colored Women as Voters," 1912 | Source 19.8 Belle Kearney, "The South and Women’s Suffrage," 1903 | Source 19.9 Rose Winslow, Prison Notes, 1917 | Source 19.10 America When Feminized, c. 1919-1920
Chapter 20
Empire, Wars, and Pandemic, 1898–1919
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Alfred Thayer Mahan and José Martí
The Awakening of Imperialism
The Economics of Expansion
Cultural Justifications for Imperialism
Gender and Empire
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 20.1 Rudyard Kipling, "The White Man’s Burden," 1899
The War with Spain
Revolution in Cuba
The War of 1898
The Pacification of Cuba
The Philippine War
Extending U.S. Imperialism, 1899–1913
Theodore Roosevelt and "Big Stick" Diplomacy
Opening the Door in China
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Fighting in the Philippines
Source 20.2 President McKinley Defends His Decision
Source 20.3 William Carson, "A Bigger Job Than He Thought For," 1899
Wilson and American Foreign Policy, 1912–1917
Diplomacy and War
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
The U.S. Chooses to Enter World War I
Source 20.4 Arthur S. Link, Woodrow Wilson and Neutrality, 1963
Source 20.5 John Whiteclay Chambers II, Woodrow Wilson’s Unneutral Neutrality, 2000
Making the World Safe for Democracy
Fighting the War at Home
Government by Commission
Winning Hearts and Minds
1918-19 Influenza Pandemic
Waging Peace
The Failure of Ratification
Conclusion: A U.S. Empire
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 20
The Challenges of the 1918-19 Influenza Pandemic
Source 20.6 Philadelphia Inquirer Describes the Crisis, 1918 | Source 20.7 A Letter from a Native American, Volunteer Nurse, 1918 | Source 20.8 Advertisement to Stop Influenza, 1918 | Source 20.9 Dr. A. Wilberforce Williams on Fake Influenza Remedies, 1918 | Source 20.10 U.S. Public Health Service Information on Influenza, 1919
Chapter 21
The Twenties, 1919–1929
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
D. C. Stephenson and Ossian Sweet
Social Turmoil
The Red Scare, 1919–1920
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 21.1 A. Mitchell Palmer, The Case against the Reds, 1920
Racial Violence in the Postwar Era
Prosperity, Consumption, and Growth
Government Promotion of the Economy
Americans Become Consumers
Urbanization
Perilous Prosperity
Challenges to Social Conventions
Breaking with the Old Morality
The Harlem Renaissance
Marcus Garvey and Black Nationalism
Culture Wars
Prohibition
Nativists versus Immigrants
Resurrection of the Ku Klux Klan
Fundamentalism versus Modernism
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Men and Women of the KKK
Source 21.2 Gerald W. Johnson, The Ku Kluxer, 1924
Source 21.3 Women of the Ku Klux Klan, 1927
Politics and the Fading of Prosperity
The Battle for the Soul of the Democratic Party
Lingering Progressivism
Financial Crash
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
The Impact of Prohibition
Source 21.4 Andrew Sinclair, The Excesses of Prohibition, 1962
Source 21.5 Lisa McGirr, The National State and Crime Control, 2016
Conclusion: The Transitional Twenties
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 21
The New Negro and the Harlem Renaissance
Source 21.6 A. Philip Randolph and Chandler Owen, "The New Negro—What Is He?" 1919 | Source 21.7 Claude McKay, "If We Must Die," 1919 | Source 21.8 Langston Hughes, "The Negro Speaks of Rivers," 1921 | Source 21.9 Aaron Douglas, Illustration, The New Negro, 1925 | Source 21.10 Bessie Smith, "Down-Hearted Blues," 1923
Chapter 22
Depression, Dissent, and the New Deal, 1929–1940
AMERICAN HISTORIES
Eleanor Roosevelt and Luisa Moreno
The Great Depression
Hoover Faces the Depression
Hoovervilles and Dust Storms
Challenges for Racial Minorities
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 22.1 Plea from the Scottsboro Prisoners, 1932
Families under Strain
Organized Protest
The New Deal
Roosevelt Restores Confidence
Steps toward Recovery
Direct Assistance and Relief
New Deal Critics
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Letters to Eleanor Roosevelt
Source 22.2 Mildred Isbell to Mrs. Roosevelt, January 1, 1936
Source 22.3 Minnie Harden to Mrs. Roosevelt, December 14, 1937
The New Deal Moves to the Left
Expanding Relief Measures
Establishing Social Security
Organized Labor Strikes Back
A Half Deal for Racial Minorities
Decline of the New Deal
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
New Deal or Raw Deal
Source 22.4 William E. Leuchtenburg, The Roosevelt Reconstruction, 1963
Source 22.5 Barton J. Bernstein, The Conservative Achievements of Liberal Reform, 1969
Conclusion: New Deal Liberalism
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 22
The Depression in Rural America
Source 22.6 Ann Marie Low, Dust Bowl Diary, 1934 | Source 22.7 John P. Davis, A Black Inventory of the New Deal, 1935 | Source 22.8 A Sharecropper’s Family in Washington County, Arkansas, 1935 | Source 22.9 Martin Torres, Protest Against Maltreatment of Mexican Laborers in California, 1934 | Source 22.10 Otis Nation, Testimony to the Great Plains Committee, 1937
Chapter 23
World War II, 1933–1945
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
J. Robert Oppenheimer and Fred Korematsu
The Road toward War
The Growing Crisis in Europe
The Challenge to Isolationism
The United States Enters the War
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 23.1 Monica Sone, Memories of Pearl Harbor
The Home-Front Economy
Managing the Wartime Economy
New Opportunities for Women
Everyday Life on the Home Front
Fighting for Equality at Home
The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement
Struggles for Mexican Americans
American Indians
The Ordeal of Japanese Americans
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Japanese American Internment
Source 23.2 Charles Kikuchi, Internment Diary, 1942
Source 23.3 Justice Hugo Black, Korematsu v. United States, 1944
Global War
War in Europe
War in the Pacific
Ending the War
Evidence of the Holocaust
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
The Roosevelt Administration and the Holocaust
Source 23.4 David S. Wyman, FDR Abandoned the Jews, 1984
Source 23.5 Richard Breitman and Allan J. Lichtman, FDR Did Not Abandon the Jews, 2013
Conclusion: The Impact of World War II
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 23
The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb
Source 23.6 Petition to the President of the United States, July 17, 1945 | Source 23.7 President Harry S. Truman, Press Release on the Atomic Bomb, August 6, 1945 | Source 23.8 Hiroshima, August 6, 1945 | Source 23.9 U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey, 1946 | Source 23.10 Father Johannes Siemes, Eyewitness Account of the Hiroshima Bombing, 1945
Chapter 24
The Opening of the Cold War, 1945–1961
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
George Kennan and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
The Origins of the Cold War, 1945–1947
Mutual Misunderstandings
The Truman Doctrine
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 24.1 Henry Wallace, The Way to Peace, 1946
The Marshall Plan and Economic Containment
The Cold War Hardens, 1948–1953
Military Containment
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
The Marshall Plan and the Soviet Union
Source 24.2 George C. Marshall, The Marshall Plan, 1947
Source 24.3 Vyacheslav Molotov, Soviet Objections to the Marshall Plan, 1947
The Korean War
The Korean War and the Imperial Presidency
Combating Communism at Home, 1945–1954
Loyalty and the Second Red Scare
McCarthyism
The Cold War Expands, 1953 –1961
Nuclear Weapons and Containment
Decolonization
Interventions in the Middle East, Latin America, and Africa
Early Intervention in Vietnam, 1954–1960
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Causes of the Cold War
Source 24.4 William Appleman Williams, Expanding the Economic Open Door, 1959
Source 24.5 John Lewis Gaddis, Competing Ideologies, 1972
Conclusion: The Cold War and Anticommunism
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 24
McCarthyism and the Hollywood Ten
Source 24.6 Ronald Reagan, Testimony before HUAC, 1947 | Source 24.7 John Howard Lawson, Testimony before HUAC, 1947 | Source 24.8 The Waldorf Statement and the Introduction of the Blacklist, 1947 | Source 24.9 Herblock, "You Mean I’m Supposed to Stand on That," 1950 | Source 24.10 Lillian Hellman, Letter to HUAC, 1952
Chapter 25
Troubled Innocence, 1945–1961
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Alan Freed and Grace Metalious
Peacetime Transition and the Boom Years
Peacetime Challenges, 1945–1948
Economic Conversion and Labor Discontent
Truman, the New Deal Coalition, and the Election of 1948
Economic Boom
Baby Boom
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 25.1 Adlai E. Stevenson, "A Purpose for Modern Woman,"1955
Changes in Living Patterns
The Culture of the 1950s
The Rise of Television
Wild Ones on the Big Screen
The Influence of Teenage Culture
The Lives of Women
Religious Revival
Beats and Other Nonconformists
The Growth of the Civil Rights Movement
The Rise of the Southern Civil Rights Movement
School Segregation and the Supreme Court
The Montgomery Bus Boycott
White Resistance to Desegregation
The Sit-Ins
Civil Rights Struggles in the North
Civil Rights Struggles in the West
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
The Civil Rights Movement and Its Opponents
Source 25.2 The Southern Manifesto, 1956
Source 25.3 Ella Baker, "Bigger Than a Hamburger," 1960
Domestic Politics in the Eisenhower Era
Modern Republicanism
The Election of 1960
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
When Did the Civil Rights Movement Begin?
Source 25.4 Jacquelyn Dowd Hall, The Long Civil Rights Movement, 2005
Source 25.5 Steven F. Lawson, The Short Civil Rights Movement, 2011
Conclusion: Postwar Politics and Culture
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 25
Teenagers in Postwar America
Source 25.6 Dick Clark, Your Happiest Years, 1959 | Source 25.7 Charlotte Jones, Letter on Elvis, 1957 | Source 25.8 The Desegregation of Central High School, 1957 | Source 25.9 Gloria Lopez-Stafford, A Mexican American Childhood in El Paso, Texas, 1949 | Source 25.10 "Why No Chinese American Delinquents?" 1955
Chapter 26
Liberalism and Its Challengers, 1960–1973
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Earl Warren and Bayard Rustin
The Politics of Liberalism
Kennedy’s New Frontier
Kennedy, the Cold War, and Cuba
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 26.1 Edmund Valtman, The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962
The Civil Rights Movement Intensifies, 1961–1968
Freedom Rides
Kennedy Supports Civil Rights
Freedom Summer and Voting Rights
Civil Rights and Black Power
Federal Efforts toward Social Reform, 1964–1968
The Great Society
The Warren Court
The Vietnam War, 1961–1969
Kennedy’s Intervention in South Vietnam
Johnson Escalates the War in Vietnam
Challenges to the Liberal Establishment
The New Left
The Counterculture
Liberation Movements
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Chicano and Native American Freedom Movements
Source 26.2 Chicano Student Movement of Aztlán, 1969
Source 26.3 The Alcatraz Proclamation, 1969
The Revival of Conservatism
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Race and Class in Second Wave Feminism
Source 26.4 Anne Valk, Feminist Interactions, 2008
Source 26.5 Linda Gordon, Race, Class, and Feminism, 2014
Conclusion: Liberalism and Its Discontents
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 26
Freedom Summer
Source 26.6 Prospectus for Mississippi Freedom Summer, 1964
Source 26.7 Nancy Ellin, Letter Describing Freedom Summer, 1964 | Source 26.8 White Southerners Respond to Freedom Summer, 1964 | Source 26.9 Fannie Lou Hamer, Address to the Democratic National Convention Credentials Committee, 1964 | Source 26.10 Lyndon B. Johnson, Monitoring the MFDP Challenge, 1964
Chapter 27
The Swing toward Conservatism, 1968–1980
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Pauli Murray and Louise Day Hicks
Nixon: War and Diplomacy, 1969–1974
The Election of 1968
The Failure of Vietnamization
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 27.1 Richard Nixon, Speech Accepting the Republican Nomination for President, August 8, 1968
The Cold War Thaws
Crisis in the Middle East and at Home
Nixon and Politics, 1969–1974
Pragmatic Conservatism
The Nixon Landslide and Watergate Scandal, 1972–1974
The Presidency of Jimmy Carter, 1976–1980
Jimmy Carter and the Limits of Affluence
The Perils of Détente
Challenges in the Middle East
The Persistence of Liberalism in the 1970s
Popular Culture
Women’s Movement
Environmentalism
Racial Struggles Continue
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Women of Color and Feminism
Source 27.2 Workshop Resolutions, First National Chicana Conference, 1971
Source 27.3 Combahee River Collective, A Black Feminist Statement, 1977
Mexican Americans Challenge Discrimination
The New Right Rises
Tax Revolt
Neo-Conservatism
Christian Conservatism
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
The Rise of the New Right
Source 27.4 Dan T. Carter, George Wallace, Race, and the New Right, 1996
Source 27.5 Daniel K. Williams, The Christian Right, 2010
Conclusion: The Swing toward Conservatism
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 27
The New Right and Its Critics
Source 27.6 Proposition 13, California, 1978 | Source 27.7 Phyllis Schlafly, "What’s Wrong with ‘Equal Rights’ for Women?" 1972 | Source 27.8 Gloria Steinem, Testimony on the Equal Rights Amendment, May 6, 1970 | Source 27.9 Paul Weyrich, Building the Moral Majority, 1979 | Source 27.10 A. Bartlett Giamatti, The Moral Majority Threatens Freedom, 1981
Chapter 28
The Triumph of Conservatism, the End of the Cold War, and the Rise of the New World Order, 1980–1992
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
George Shultz and Demetria Martinez
The Reagan Revolution
Reagan and Reaganomics
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 28.1 Ronald Reagan, First Inaugural Address, January 20, 1981
The Implementation of Social Conservatism
Reagan and the End of the Cold War, 1981–1988
"The Evil Empire"
Human Rights and the Fight against Communism
Fighting International Terrorism
The Nuclear Freeze Movement
The Road to Nuclear De-escalation
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
The Nuclear Freeze Movement
Source 28.2 New Jersey Referendum on Nuclear Freeze, 1982
Source 28.3 United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, Pastoral Letter on War and Peace, 1983
The Presidency of George H. W. Bush, 1989–1993
"Kinder and Gentler" Conservatism
The Breakup of the Soviet Union
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
The End of the Cold War
Source 28.4 John Spanier, Gorbachev Needed to End the Cold War, 1992
Source 28.5 Beth Fischer, Reagan Ends the Cold War, 1997
Globalization and the New World Order
Managing Conflict after the Cold War
The 1992 Election
Conclusion: Conservative Ascendancy and the End of the Cold War
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 28
The Iran-Contra Affair
Source 28.6 The Boland Amendments, 1982 and 1984 | Source 28.7 CIA Freedom Fighter’s Manual, 1983 | Source 28.8 Ronald Reagan, Speech on the Iran-Contra Affair, 1987 | Source 28.9 Oliver North, Testimony to Congress, July 1987 | Source 28.10 George Mitchell, Response to Oliver North, 1987
Chapter 29
The Challenges of a Globalized World, 1993 to the present
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Bill Gates and Alicia Garza
Transforming American Society
The Computer Revolution
The Changing American Population
Political Polarization and Globalization in the Clinton Years
Politics during the Clinton Administration
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 29.1 Bo Yee, The New American Sweatshop, 1994
Global Challenges
The Presidency of George W. Bush
Bush and Compassionate Conservatism
The Iraq War
Bush’s Second Term
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
The War in Iraq
Source 29.2 George W. Bush, Declaration of Victory in Iraq, May 1, 2003
Source 29.3 Farnaz Fassihi, Report from Baghdad, 2004
The Challenges Faced by President Barack Obama
The Great Recession
Obama and the Great Recession
The 2010 Revolt Against Obama
Obama’s Second Term
Latinos and Immigration
Asian Americans
African Americans and Institutional Racism
The Native American Struggle Continued
Obama and the World
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
The Election of Barack Obama
Source 29.4 Frederick C. Harris, Decline of Black Politics, 2012
Source 29.5 Randall Kennedy, The Importance of Symbolism, 2011
The Presidency of Donald Trump
The 2016 Election
The Trump Presidency
Pandemic, Protests, and Politics
Conclusion: Technology and Terror in a Global Society
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 29
The Uses of September 11
Source 29.6 Diana Hoffman, "The Power of Freedom," 2002 | Source 29.7 Khaled Abou El Fadl, Response to September 11, 2001 | Source 29.8 Anti-Muslim Discrimination, 2011 | Source 29.9 Edward Snowden, Interview, 2014 | Source 29.10 Alice M. Greenwald, Message from the Director of the 9/11 Memorial Museum
Product Updates
New biographies in the chapter-opening Comparing American Histories reflect continued attention to racial and ethnic diversity. Among the new profiles are Powhatan, leader of the largest native confederacy in the mid-Atlantic region (chapter 2); Elizabeth (Mum Bett) Freeman whose freedom suit contributed to Massachusetts ending slavery during the American Revolution (chapter 6); José Antonio Menchaca a Tejano military leader who fought for Texas independence (chapter 11); Pauli Murray, the African American civil rights activist and feminist (chapter 27); and Alicia Garza, the African American community organizer and co-founder of Black Lives Matter (chapter 29).
Expanded coverage of diversity provides even greater representation of diverse peoples. For example, in chapter 3, coverage of Native Americans has been amplified and more names of specific tribes are included to highlight the variety and number of Native American nations. Chapter 6 has been reorganized in order to expand coverage of multi-ethnic, multiracial forces fighting on both sides in the Revolution. Chapter 21 includes new coverage of the Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921. And, chapter 26 includes coverage of Mexican American activist, Rejes Tijerna, and also the 1968 Bilingual Education Act. In addition to attention to regional, racial, and ethnic diversity, coverage of other historical developments has been updated such as systemic racism, pandemics, and the development of capitalist systems in various periods.
New Primary Source Projects provide students with fresh primary source materials to engage with, such as a project on Cherokee engagement with white society in Chapter 9 and a project on women’s suffrage and the ratification of the nineteenth amendment in Chapter 19.
Adjustments to chapter organization specifically in Chapters 12 and 13 allow for extended discussions on American Indians, Mexican Americans, African Americans and women during the Civil War and of black refugees who used the chaos of war to claim their independence.
Updates to the narrative include material on the divisive 2020 presidential election, the COVID-19 pandemic; the police killings of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor and the nationwide protests they inspired; the collapse of the U.S. economy caused by the pandemic; and the January 6, 2021 insurrection at the Capitol; and the subsequent second impeachment of Trump.
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A diversity of people and perspectives with sources integrated in every chapter
Exploring American Histories offers a unique pedagogical framework that brings a variety of perspectives to life. By weaving sources into the story using a building blocks approach, culminating in a multi-source project organized around a single topic at the end of each chapter, the book helps students understand how sources form the basis of historical narratives and how to think critically about them.
Exploring American Histories is available in Achieve, Macmillan’s breakthrough complete course platform, and in print volumes. Achieve provides access to the narrative as well as a wealth of primary sources along with formative and summative assessments and robust insight reports at the ready, all in one accessible product. Achieve offers the easiest way to engage students, help them build historical thinking skills, and tailor teaching to student needs, whether the course is taught online or in person. Achieve can be adopted on its own or in a package with the print book.
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Canadian Stores: Please use only the first five digits/letters in your zip code on MOST.
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Our courses currently integrate with Canvas, Blackboard (Learn and Ultra), Brightspace, D2L, and Moodle. Click on the support documentation below to find out more details about the integration with each LMS.
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If you’re a verified instructor, you can request a free sample of our courseware, e-book, or print textbook to consider for use in your courses. Only registered and verified instructors can receive free print and digital samples, and they should not be sold to bookstores or book resellers. If you don't yet have an existing account with Macmillan Learning, it can take up to two business days to verify your status as an instructor. You can request a free sample from the right side of this product page by clicking on the "Request Instructor Sample" button or by contacting your rep. Learn more.
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Sometimes also referred to as a spiral-bound or binder-ready textbook, loose-leaf textbooks are available to purchase. This three-hole punched, unbound version of the book costs less than a hardcover or paperback book.
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Achieve (full course) includes our complete e-book, as well as online quizzing tools, multimedia assets, and iClicker active classroom manager.
Most Achieve Essentials courses do not include our e-books and adaptive quizzing.
Visit our comparison table for details: https://www.macmillanlearning.com/college/us/digital/achieve/compare
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-
Achieve (full course) includes our complete e-book, as well as online quizzing tools, multimedia assets, and iClicker active classroom manager.
Achieve Read & Practice only includes our e-book and adaptive quizzing, and does not include instructor resources and assignable assessments. Read & Practice does integrate with LMS.
Visit our comparison table for details: https://www.macmillanlearning.com/college/us/digital/achieve/compare
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We can help! Contact your representative to discuss your specific needs for your course. If our off-the-shelf course materials don’t quite hit the mark, we also offer custom solutions made to fit your needs.
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Exploring American Histories, Volume 2
A diversity of people and perspectives with sources integrated in every chapter
Exploring American Histories offers a unique pedagogical framework that brings a variety of perspectives to life. By weaving sources into the story using a building blocks approach, culminating in a multi-source project organized around a single topic at the end of each chapter, the book helps students understand how sources form the basis of historical narratives and how to think critically about them.
Exploring American Histories is available in Achieve, Macmillan’s breakthrough complete course platform, and in print volumes. Achieve provides access to the narrative as well as a wealth of primary sources along with formative and summative assessments and robust insight reports at the ready, all in one accessible product. Achieve offers the easiest way to engage students, help them build historical thinking skills, and tailor teaching to student needs, whether the course is taught online or in person. Achieve can be adopted on its own or in a package with the print book.
Sample Achieve