The American Promise, Volume 1
Ninth Edition ©2023 James L. Roark; Michael P. Johnson; Francois Furstenberg; Sarah Stage; Sarah Igo Formats: E-book, Print
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Authors
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James L. Roark
James L. Roark (Ph.D., Stanford University) is Samuel Candler Dobbs Professor Emeritus of American History at Emory University. He received his universitys Emory Williams Distinguished Teaching Award, and in 2001–2002 he was Pitt Professor of American Institutions at Cambridge University. He has written Masters without Slaves: Southern Planters in the Civil War and Reconstruction and coauthored Black Masters: A Free Family of Color in the Old South with Michael P. Johnson. He has also co-edited No Chariot Let Down: Charleston’s Free People of Color on the Eve of the Civil War with Michael P. Johnson.
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Michael Johnson
Michael P. Johnson (Ph.D., Stanford University) is Professor of History at Johns Hopkins University. His publications include Toward a Patriarchal Republic: The Secession of Georgia; Abraham Lincoln, Slavery, and the Civil War: Selected Speeches and Writings; and Reading the American Past: Selected Historical Documents, the documents reader for The American Promise. He has also coedited No Chariot Let Down: Charleston’s Free People of Color on the Eve of the Civil War with James L. Roark.
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Francois Furstenberg
François Furstenberg (Ph.D., Johns Hopkins University) is Professor of History at Johns Hopkins University. From 2003–2014 he taught at the Université de Montréal. His publications include In the Name of the Father: Washington’s Legacy, Slavery, and the Making of a Nation; and When the United States Spoke French: Five Refugees who Shaped a Nation.
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Sarah Stage
Sarah Stage (Ph.D., Yale University) has taught U.S. history at Williams College and the University of California, Riverside, and she was a visiting professor at Beijing University and Szechuan University. Currently she is Professor of Women’s Studies at Arizona State University. Her books include Female Complaints: Lydia Pinkham and the Business of Women’s Medicine and Rethinking Home Economics: Women and the History of a Profession.
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Sarah Igo
Sarah E. Igo (Ph.D., Princeton University) is the Andrew Jackson Professor of American History and Director of American Studies at Vanderbilt University. Previously, she was an associate professor at the University of Pennsylvania, where she won the Richard S. Dunn Award for Distinguished Teaching in 2003. She is the author of The Averaged American: Surveys, Citizens and the Making of a Mass Public and The Known Citizen: A History of Privacy in Modern America.
Table of Contents
The Combined version contains Chapters 1-31. Volume 1 contains Chapters 1-16. Volume 2 contains Chapters 16-31.
Chapter 1, Ancient American, before 1492
An American Story: Archeologists discover that humans resided in North America ten thousand years earlier than had been known
Why do historians rely on the work of archaeologists?
When and how did humans migrate into North America?
Why were people absent from the Western Hemisphere for most of human history?
Who were the people that migrated south into North America?
When and how did Archaic hunter-gatherers inhabit ancient America?
How did Archaic Great Plains people hunt bison?
How did Archaic people survive in the Great Basin?
How did Archaic cultures exploit the Pacific coast environment?
How did Archaic peoples adapt to eastern Woodland forests?
How did agriculture influence ancient American cultures?
Why did ancient Southwestern cultures adopt agriculture?
SPOTLIGHT: How Did Ancient Americans’ Corn Spread throughout the World?
ANALYZING HISTORICAL EVIDENCE: Artifacts of Daily Life in Chaco Canyon
What connected Woodland chiefdoms and burial mounds?
What ancient American cultures inhabited North America in the 1490s?
What ancient Americans inhabited the eastern Woodland and Great Plains in the 1490s?
What ancient Americans resided in the Southwestern and West during the 1490s?
What traits did ancient American cultures share in the 1490s?
How did the Mexican empire amass power and riches?
Conclusion: How did ancient Americans shape their world and ours?
Chapter 1 Study Guide
Chapter 2, Europeans Encounter the New World, 1492–1600
An American Story: Queen Isabella of Spain supports Christopher Columbus’s risky plan to sail west across the Atlantic
Why did Europeans launch explorations in the fifteenth century?
What fueled European expansion?
Why did the Portuguese pioneer the search for a new route to the East?
What did Spaniards discover in the western Atlantic?
Why did Columbus sail west and what did he find?
How did knowledge of the New World launch a geographic revolution and the Columbian exchange?
How did Spaniards conquer and colonize New Spain?
How did Cortés conquer Mexico?
SPOTLIGHT: Why Did Cortés Win?
Why did Spaniards search for other Mexicos?
Why did Spaniards build outposts in Florida and New Mexico?
How and why did Spaniards establish the colony of New Spain?
ANALYZING HISTORICAL EVIDENCE: Justifying Conquest
How did the Spanish conquest and colonization impact Indians?
How did New Spain influence Europe?
What was the Protestant Reformation and how did it influence Spain?
What lessons did other Europeans learn from Spain?
Conclusion: What did the New World promise Europeans?
Chapter 2 Study Guide
Chapter 3, The Southern Colonies in the Seventeenth Century, 1601–1700
An American Story: A young woman from England travels to America as a servant
How did settlers’ encounters with Native Americans shape the colony of Virginia?
Why was the Jamestown settlement fragile?
How did natives and newcomers engage in cooperation and conflict?
Why did Virginia become a royal colony?
How did tobacco influence Chesapeake society?
Why did Chesapeake settlers grow tobacco?
Why did a servant labor system develop?
How did indentured servants live and work?
ANALYZING HISTORICAL EVIDENCE: Enslavement by Marriage
How did Virginia and Maryland settlers express their faith in tobacco and religion?
Why did Chesapeake society change by the 1670s?
How did social and economic polarization develop?
How did government policies lead to political conflict?
What was the impact of Bacon’s Rebellion?
SPOTLIGHT: Why Did English Colonists Consider Themselves Superior to Indians and Africans?
Why did a slave labor system develop in England’s southern colonies?
Why did Indians revolt in New Mexico and Florida?
Why did colonists in the West Indies use enslaved Africans to grow sugar?
How was South Carolina similar to the West Indies?
Why did a slave labor system emerge in the Chesapeake?
Conclusion: How did export crops contribute to the growth of the southern colonies?
Chapter 3 Study Guide
Chapter 4, The Northern Colonies in the Seventeenth Century, 1601–1700
An American Story: Roger Williams is banished from Puritan Massachusetts
Why did Puritans emigrate to North America?
How did the English Reformation give rise to Puritanism?
Why did separatist Pilgrims establish Plymouth colony?
Why did Puritans create Massachusetts Bay colony?
SPOTLIGHT: How Did Seventeenth-Century Colonists View Nature?
How did New England society change during the seventeenth century?
How did Puritans enforce conformity?
How did Puritans govern for Puritanism?
Why did Puritanism splinter?
What were the consequences of religious and economic changes?
ANALYZING HISTORICAL EVIDENCE: Hunting Witches in Salem, Massachusetts
How did the middle colonies differ from New England and the southern colonies?
How did the Dutch colony of New Netherland become the English colony of New York?
Why were the colonies of New Jersey and Pennsylvania created?
Why did Pennsylvania accept toleration and diversity?
How did the English empire influence the colonies?
How did English policies regulate colonial trade?
How did King Philip’s War lead to the consolidation of royal authority?
Conclusion: Was there an English model of colonization in North America?
Chapter 4 Study Guide
Chapter 5, Colonial America in the Eighteenth Century, 1701–1770
An American Story: The Robin Johns experience horrific turns of fortune in the Atlantic slave trade
How did the British North American colonies change during the eighteenth century?
Why did New England life and culture change?
How did natural increase affect land distribution?
What were the pillars of the New England economy?
Why did the middle colonies grow rapidly?
Why did German and Scots-Irish immigrants come to the middle colonies?
What industries helped the middle colonies prosper?
How did indentured and enslaved labor enrich the middle colonies?
Why did the middle colonies grow and prosper?
Why did slavery come to define the southern colonies?
Why did the enslaved population of the southern colonies grow so dramatically?
SPOTLIGHT: Why Did Few Colonists Oppose the African Slave Trade?
How did enslaved people build an African American culture?
How did the labor of enslaved Black people bring prosperity to the southern colonies?
What unified colonists in British North America during the eighteenth century?
How did commerce and consumption shape colonial identity?
How did colonists’ religious experiences change?
How did trade and conflict affect the North American borderlands?
ANALYZING HISTORICAL EVIDENCE: Spanish Priests Report on California Missions
How did the policies of the British empire affect colonial politics?
Conclusion: Why did British North American colonists develop a dual identity?
Chapter 5 Study Guide
Chapter 6, The British Empire and the Colonial Crisis, 1754-1775
An American Story: Loyalist governor Thomas Hutchinson stands his ground in radical Massachusetts
How did the Seven Years’ War lay the groundwork for the colonial crisis?
Why did the Seven Years’ War begin in the Ohio Country?
What was the objective of the Albany Congress and why did it fail?
How did the war transform imperial power in North America?
Why did British victory lead to Pontiac’s War and the Proclamation of 1763?
How did imperial authorities and British colonists differ about taxing the colonies?
Why did Grenville’s Sugar Act fail in its objectives?
Why did the Stamp Act provoke widespread colonial resistance?
What forms did colonial resistance take?
SPOTLIGHT: How Did a Shoemaker Influence the Revolution?
Why did resistance spread through the colonies?
Why did the colonial crisis worsen after the repeal of the Stamp Act?
Why did the modest Townshend duties provoke such resistance?
How did the nonconsumption movement engage women in political action?
What provoked the "massacre" in Boston and how did it radicalize opinion?
How did colonial tensions ease and then explode after the repeal of the Townshend duties?
Why didn’t the repeal of the Townshend duties bring a more permanent peace?
Why did residents of Boston dump tea in their harbor?
What were the Coercive Acts?
ANALYZING HISTORICAL EVIDENCE: Reactions to the Boston Port Act outside of Massachusetts
How did the conflict spread beyond Boston?
How did New Englanders escalate tensions with imperial authorities?
What were the objectives of the First Continental Congress?
Why did armed conflict break out in Lexington and Concord?
How did enslaved people react to the colonial rebellion?
Conclusion: What changes did the American colonists want in 1775?
Chapter 6 Study Guide
Chapter 7, The War for America, 1775-1783
An American Story: Deborah Sampson masquerades as a man to join the Continental army
What persuaded British North American colonists to support independence?
What did the Second Continental Congress accomplish in its initial months?
What were the military aims of each side in 1775?
Why did Thomas Paine’s Common Sense affect public opinion?
What led the Continental Congress to declare independence?
How did the military objectives of each side shape the course of the war’s early years?
How did the Continental Army take shape?
What was the British war strategy and how was it implemented?
What battles most shaped the war’s first year?
How did the war transform the home front?
What role did local associations play on the home front?
Who remained loyal to Britain and why?
ANALYZING HISTORICAL EVIDENCE: Families Divide over the Revolution
Who was a traitor?
How did the war affect the finances and economy of the United States?
How did a war for independence unleash a broader social transformation?
How did the American Revolution become a war among continental and global powers?
What was Burgoyne’s strategy and why did it fail?
How did the American Revolution look in the West?
How did the French Alliance shape the course of the war?
What were the principal causes of the British defeat?
What was the British southern strategy?
How did the southern strategy result in guerrilla warfare?
Why did the British lose at Yorktown?
Who were the war’s losers and winners?
SPOTLIGHT: Did France and Spain Accomplish Their Objectives in the American Revolution?
Conclusion: Why did the British lose the American Revolution?
Chapter 7 Study Guide
Chapter 8, Building a Republic, 1775-1789
An American Story: James Madison comes of age in the midst of revolution
What kind of government did the Articles of Confederation create?
How and why were powers of taxation limited by the Articles of Confederation?
How did conflicting colonial land claims pose problems for the new government?
How did a weak government wage war?
How was republican government implemented?
How did states implement republican ideals in their constitutions?
Who were "the People"?
How did the new republican governments confront the institution of slavery?
SPOTLIGHT: A Slave Sues for Her Freedom
Why did the Articles of Confederation fail?
How did Congress’s financial constraints nearly result in the overthrow of republican government?
How did the Haudenosaunee lose more land after the revolution?
How did Congress try to organize the Northwest Territory and how did Native Americans resist?
ANALYZING HISTORICAL EVIDENCE: The Northwest Ordinance’s Slavery Clause
How did the confederation government’s financial constraints boil into crisis?
How did the Constitution change the nation’s form of government?
What events led to a new Constitutional Convention?
How were the principal challenges to the new Constitution resolved?
How did the Constitution limit and balance political power?
Why did so many Americans object to the Constitution?
Who were the Federalists and what did they believe?
Who were the Antifederalists and what did they believe?
How did the Federalists win the debate?
Conclusion: What was the "republican remedy"?
Chapter 8 Study Guide
Chapter 9, The New Nation Takes Form, 1789-1800
An American Story: Brilliant and brash, Alexander Hamilton becomes a polarizing figure in the 1790s
What were the sources of political stability in the 1790s?
What precedents did Washington set in creating the executive branch?
Why did Congress almost immediately amend the Constitution?
How did an ideology of republican motherhood emerge?
SPOTLIGHT: France, Britain, and Woman’s Rights in the 1790s
What was Alexander Hamilton’s economic policy?
How did the U.S. economy grow in the 1790s?
Why did Hamilton’s plan to shore up the nation’s credit provoke such controversy?
Why did the First Bank of the United States and the Report on Manufactures provoke controversy?
What threats did the United States face in the west?
Why were American settlers in the west discontented?
What dynamics shaped U.S. diplomacy with Creeks in the Southwest?
How did the United States finally defeat the Northwest Confederacy?
What threats did the United States face in the Atlantic world?
How did the United States respond to France’s Revolution and its war with Great Britain?
Why was the Jay Treaty so controversial?
How did the Haitian Revolution affect the United States?
How did partisan rivalries shape the politics of the late 1790s?
What distinguished Federalists from Republicans?
Why did the U.S. break with France, its former ally?
How did partisan conflict culminate in the Alien and Sedition Acts?
ANALYZING HISTORICAL EVIDENCE: The Crisis of 1798: Sedition
Conclusion: Why did the United States form political parties?
Chapter 9 Study Guide
Chapter 10, Republicans in Power, 1800-1828
An American Story: The Shawnee chief Tecumseh attempts to forge a pan-Indian confederacy
What was the revolution of 1800?
Were the election of 1800 and Gabriel’s rebellion revolutionary?
SPOTLIGHT: How Could a Vice President Get Away with Murder?
How did Jefferson try to implement his vision of Republican Government?
How did the United States get enmeshed in a Mediterranean war?
How did the Louisiana Purchase affect the United States?
How did the United States acquire Louisiana?
Why was the Lewis and Clark expedition into Indian Country significant?
How did Native American power west of the Mississippi shape U.S. policy?
What led to the War of 1812?
How did maritime tensions grow between the United States and Great Britain?
How did British and Native American conflicts intersect?
ANALYZING HISTORICAL EVIDENCE: The Nation’s First Formal Declaration of War
Who won the War of 1812?
How did the civil status of free American women and men differ in the early Republic?
How did Dolley Madison change elite political sociability?
How did women’s legal status change in the early nineteenth century?
How did women involve themselves in church governance?
How did women’s education change gender relations?
Why did partisan conflict increase during the administrations of Monroe and Adams?
How did suffrage for white men increase in the early nineteenth century?
Why was the conflict over Missouri statehood so bitter?
How did the collapse of Spain’s American empire affect the United States?
In what ways did the Election of 1824 mark a turning point?
Why did John Quincy Adams’s administration fail?
Conclusion: How did republican simplicity become complex?
Chapter 10 Study Guide
Chapter 11, The Expanding Republic, 1815-1840
An American Story: The Grimké sisters speak out against slavery
What economic developments reshaped the U.S. economy after 1815?
How was transportation revolutionized after 1815?
How did labor relations change after 1815?
ANALYZING HISTORICAL EVIDENCE: Mill Girls Stand Up to Factory Owners, 1834
How did the financial and legal systems shape economic change?
In what ways did the Panic of 1819 signal a new economic era of booms and busts?
How did the new practices of party politics shape Andrew Jackson’s election and agenda?
What political changes did the election of 1828 usher in?
How did issues of personal character shape the election of 1828?
How did Jackson govern differently from previous presidents?
What was Andrew Jackson’s impact on the presidency?
What characterized U.S.-Native American dynamics in the 1830s?
Why were tariffs so controversial and how did Jackson respond?
What was the Bank War?
What were the most significant social and cultural changes in the 1830s?
How did ideas of gender change in the 1830s?
What kinds of religious and moral reform movements reshaped the United States?
SPOTLIGHT: The Lively and Bawdy Subculture of the 1830s
How and why did the antislavery movement take new forms starting in the 1830s?
What political and economic events dominated Martin Van Buren’s presidency?
How did politics and slavery shape Van Buren’s presidency?
What caused the Panic of 1837 and what effect did it have?
Conclusion: The Age of Jackson or the era of reform?
Chapter 11 Study Guide
Chapter 12, The North and the West
An American Story: With the support of his wife, Abraham Lincoln struggles to survive in antebellum America
Why did "industrial evolution" occur?
Why did agricultural production boom?
How did manufacturing and mechanization boost productivity?
How did railroads break the bonds of nature?
How did the free-labor ideal explain economic inequality?
What was the free-labor ideal?
How did the free-labor ideal justify economic inequality?
SPOTLIGHT: How did the American Economy Compare to the Rest of the World?
How did immigrants experience the free-labor system?
What spurred westward expansion?
What was Manifest Destiny?
What did migrants encounter in Oregon and on the Overland Trail?
What caused the Mormon exodus to the Great Salt Lake?
Why did the U.S. and Mexico clash in the Mexican borderlands?
Why did the United States go to war with Mexico?
How did expansion shape politics?
How did U.S. expectations of the war with Mexico compare with realities?
How did the U.S. achieve victory in Mexico?
How did gold transform California?
ANALYZE HISTORICAL EVIDENCE: The Gold Rush
What changes did social reformers seek in the 1840s and 1850s?
What reforms did women’s rights activists seek?
How did abolitionists try to end slavery?
How did transcendentalists and utopians seek reform?
Conclusion: How did the free-labor ideal contribute to economic growth?
Chapter 12 Study Guide
Chapter 13, The Slave South
An American Story: Slave Nat Turner leads a revolt to end slavery
Why did the South become so different from the North?
Why was the cotton kingdom also a slave empire?
What did it mean that the South was black and white?
ANALYZING HISTORICAL EVIDENCE: Defending Slavery
What were the key elements of the plantation economy?
SPOTLIGHT: Cotton’s Global Empire
What was plantation life like for slaveowners and their wives?
How did slavery encourage paternalism and the concept of male honor?
What was myth and what reality of the lives of southern ladies?
What was plantation life like for enslaved people?
What kinds of work did enslaved people do?
How did family and religion fare in the quarter?
How did enslaved people demonstrate resistance and rebellion?
How did nonslaveholding southern whites work and live?
How did plantation-belt yeomen live?
How did upcountry yeomen live?
Who were the poor whites?
What was the culture of the plain folk?
What place did free Black people occupy in the South?
Why was freedom for Black people precarious?
How were some free Black people able to achieve despite restrictions?
How did slavery shape southern politics?
What changes came to the southern political arena?
Why did planter power persist?
Conclusion: How did slavery come to define the South?
Chapter 13 Study Guide
Chapter 14, The House Divided
An American Story: Abolitionist John Brown takes his war against slavery to Harpers Ferry, Virginia
Why did the acquisition of land from Mexico contribute to sectional tensions?
What did the Wilmot Proviso propose regarding the expansion of slavery?
What were the issues of the election of 1848?
What was the Compromise of 1850?
What upset the balance between slave and free states?
Why was the Fugitive Slave Act so disruptive?
What was the impact of Uncle Tom’s Cabin?
Why was the Kansas-Nebraska Act so explosive?
How did the party system change in the 1850s?
What happened to the old parties of Whigs and Democrats?
What defined the new parties of Know-Nothings and Republicans?
SPOTLIGHT: "A Purse of Her Own": Petitioning for the Right to Own Property
What did the Election of 1856 reveal?
Why did northern fear of the "Slave Power" intensify in the 1850s?
Why did Kansas turn violent?
Why did the Dred Scott decision fan sectionalism?
Why was Abraham Lincoln a Republican?
What issues did Lincoln and Douglas debate?
Why did some southern states secede immediately after Lincoln’s election?
What were the consequences of John Brown’s raid?
Why did the Republicans win in 1860?
What led to secession?
ANALYZING HISTORICAL EVIDENCE: Southerners Debate Secession
Conclusion: Why did political compromise fail?
Chapter 14 Study Guide
Chapter 15, The Crucible of War
An American Story: Slave Robert Smalls liberates slaves and fights for freedom in the Civil War
How did southern states respond to secession?
What was the result of the attack on Fort Sumter?
Why did the upper South have to choose sides?
Why did each side expect to win?
How did they expect to win?
How did Lincoln and Davis mobilize?
How did each side fare in the early years of the war?
Why did stalemate develop in the eastern theater?
What made Union victories in the western theater so important?
How did the Union dominate in the Atlantic theater?
What was King Cotton diplomacy?
How did the war for union become a fight for Black freedom?
How did slaves become contraband?
How did contraband become free people?
What part did Black people play in the fighting?
SPOTLIGHT: The Right to Fight: Black Soldiers in the Civil War
What problems did the Confederacy face at home?
What was radical about Confederate policy?
Why did poor southerners suffer so much?
ANALYZING HISTORICAL EVIDENCE: Home and Country
How did the enslaved help end slavery?
How did the war affect the economy and politics of the North?
How did the Lincoln administration strengthen the Union?
How did northern women contribute to the war effort?
What fed the Democrat’s dissent?
How did the Union finally win the war?
Why were Vicksburg and Gettysburg significant?
What happened when Grant took command?
Why was the election of 1864 significant?
How did the Confederacy end?
Why was the war’s bloody toll so high?
Conclusion: In what ways was the Civil War a "Second American Revolution"?
Chapter 15 Study Guide
Chapter 16, Reconstruction
An American Story: James T. Rapier emerges in the early 1870s as Alabama’s most prominent Black leader
How did competing plans for wartime reconstruction differ?
Why did Congress object to Lincoln’s plan "to bind up the nation’s wounds"?
How did land and labor systems change?
What did former slaves want from freedom?
ANALYZING HISTORICAL EVIDENCE: The Meaning of Freedom
What did early reconstruction reveal about the North’s and South’s intentions?
What was Johnson’s program of reconciliation?
How did white southerners react to Johnson’s reconciliation efforts?
How did Republicans respond to the South’s black codes?
How radical was congressional reconstruction?
What did Republicans hope to achieve with the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment?
Why did Congress pass the Military Reconstruction Act?
Why was President Johnson impeached?
Why did the Fifteenth Amendment snub women?
How successful were the South’s Republican governments?
Who were the southern Republicans?
SPOTLIGHT: What did the Ku Klux Klan Really Want?
How did plantations and labor systems change?
Why did Reconstruction collapse?
What struggles did Grant’s troubled presidency face?
How did northern resolve wither?
How did white supremacy triumph in the South?
How did the election of 1876 end in compromise?
Conclusion: Was Reconstruction "a revolution but half accomplished"?
Chapter 16 Study Guide
APPENDICES
I. Documents
The Declaration of Independence
The Constitution of the United States
Amendments to the Constitution with Annotations (including the six unratified amendments)
II. Government and Demographics
Presidential Elections
Supreme Court Justices
Admission of States to the Union
Population Growth, 1630–2010
Major Trends in Immigration, 1820–2010
Selected Bibliography
Glossary
Product Updates
Achieve, an innovative online learning platform with robust tools. Providing activities for student engagement and analytics for instructor insight, Achieve for The American Promise features LearningCurve adaptive quizzing, an integrated companion source reader, an online test bank, map quizzes, tutorials with assessment, and helpful course supplements, such as images and lecture slides. Package Achieve with the print book or adopt it on its own.
New Primary Source Activities in Achieve that deepen students’ critical reading skills. Building on the book’s Analyzing Historical Evidence feature, these activities encourage students to compare, contrast, and analyze the documents in each chapter and demonstrate their knowledge in online assessments.
New Video Activities in Achieve that transport students into the past. Brief, engaging videos offer a multimodal glimpse into some of America’s most dramatic moments, from the Seneca Falls Convention on woman suffrage to D-Day. Online assessments reinforce the content and invite reflection.
Careful attention to reflecting the diversity of American history. Based on thoughtful feedback from instructors, this edition represents the difficult and complicated parts of our history with accuracy and sensitivity to multiple perspectives, updating the language that describes enslavement and highlighting transgender and nonbinary inclusion in America’s recent decades.
Authors
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James L. Roark
James L. Roark (Ph.D., Stanford University) is Samuel Candler Dobbs Professor Emeritus of American History at Emory University. He received his universitys Emory Williams Distinguished Teaching Award, and in 2001–2002 he was Pitt Professor of American Institutions at Cambridge University. He has written Masters without Slaves: Southern Planters in the Civil War and Reconstruction and coauthored Black Masters: A Free Family of Color in the Old South with Michael P. Johnson. He has also co-edited No Chariot Let Down: Charleston’s Free People of Color on the Eve of the Civil War with Michael P. Johnson.
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Michael Johnson
Michael P. Johnson (Ph.D., Stanford University) is Professor of History at Johns Hopkins University. His publications include Toward a Patriarchal Republic: The Secession of Georgia; Abraham Lincoln, Slavery, and the Civil War: Selected Speeches and Writings; and Reading the American Past: Selected Historical Documents, the documents reader for The American Promise. He has also coedited No Chariot Let Down: Charleston’s Free People of Color on the Eve of the Civil War with James L. Roark.
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Francois Furstenberg
François Furstenberg (Ph.D., Johns Hopkins University) is Professor of History at Johns Hopkins University. From 2003–2014 he taught at the Université de Montréal. His publications include In the Name of the Father: Washington’s Legacy, Slavery, and the Making of a Nation; and When the United States Spoke French: Five Refugees who Shaped a Nation.
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Sarah Stage
Sarah Stage (Ph.D., Yale University) has taught U.S. history at Williams College and the University of California, Riverside, and she was a visiting professor at Beijing University and Szechuan University. Currently she is Professor of Women’s Studies at Arizona State University. Her books include Female Complaints: Lydia Pinkham and the Business of Women’s Medicine and Rethinking Home Economics: Women and the History of a Profession.
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Sarah Igo
Sarah E. Igo (Ph.D., Princeton University) is the Andrew Jackson Professor of American History and Director of American Studies at Vanderbilt University. Previously, she was an associate professor at the University of Pennsylvania, where she won the Richard S. Dunn Award for Distinguished Teaching in 2003. She is the author of The Averaged American: Surveys, Citizens and the Making of a Mass Public and The Known Citizen: A History of Privacy in Modern America.
Table of Contents
The Combined version contains Chapters 1-31. Volume 1 contains Chapters 1-16. Volume 2 contains Chapters 16-31.
Chapter 1, Ancient American, before 1492
An American Story: Archeologists discover that humans resided in North America ten thousand years earlier than had been known
Why do historians rely on the work of archaeologists?
When and how did humans migrate into North America?
Why were people absent from the Western Hemisphere for most of human history?
Who were the people that migrated south into North America?
When and how did Archaic hunter-gatherers inhabit ancient America?
How did Archaic Great Plains people hunt bison?
How did Archaic people survive in the Great Basin?
How did Archaic cultures exploit the Pacific coast environment?
How did Archaic peoples adapt to eastern Woodland forests?
How did agriculture influence ancient American cultures?
Why did ancient Southwestern cultures adopt agriculture?
SPOTLIGHT: How Did Ancient Americans’ Corn Spread throughout the World?
ANALYZING HISTORICAL EVIDENCE: Artifacts of Daily Life in Chaco Canyon
What connected Woodland chiefdoms and burial mounds?
What ancient American cultures inhabited North America in the 1490s?
What ancient Americans inhabited the eastern Woodland and Great Plains in the 1490s?
What ancient Americans resided in the Southwestern and West during the 1490s?
What traits did ancient American cultures share in the 1490s?
How did the Mexican empire amass power and riches?
Conclusion: How did ancient Americans shape their world and ours?
Chapter 1 Study Guide
Chapter 2, Europeans Encounter the New World, 1492–1600
An American Story: Queen Isabella of Spain supports Christopher Columbus’s risky plan to sail west across the Atlantic
Why did Europeans launch explorations in the fifteenth century?
What fueled European expansion?
Why did the Portuguese pioneer the search for a new route to the East?
What did Spaniards discover in the western Atlantic?
Why did Columbus sail west and what did he find?
How did knowledge of the New World launch a geographic revolution and the Columbian exchange?
How did Spaniards conquer and colonize New Spain?
How did Cortés conquer Mexico?
SPOTLIGHT: Why Did Cortés Win?
Why did Spaniards search for other Mexicos?
Why did Spaniards build outposts in Florida and New Mexico?
How and why did Spaniards establish the colony of New Spain?
ANALYZING HISTORICAL EVIDENCE: Justifying Conquest
How did the Spanish conquest and colonization impact Indians?
How did New Spain influence Europe?
What was the Protestant Reformation and how did it influence Spain?
What lessons did other Europeans learn from Spain?
Conclusion: What did the New World promise Europeans?
Chapter 2 Study Guide
Chapter 3, The Southern Colonies in the Seventeenth Century, 1601–1700
An American Story: A young woman from England travels to America as a servant
How did settlers’ encounters with Native Americans shape the colony of Virginia?
Why was the Jamestown settlement fragile?
How did natives and newcomers engage in cooperation and conflict?
Why did Virginia become a royal colony?
How did tobacco influence Chesapeake society?
Why did Chesapeake settlers grow tobacco?
Why did a servant labor system develop?
How did indentured servants live and work?
ANALYZING HISTORICAL EVIDENCE: Enslavement by Marriage
How did Virginia and Maryland settlers express their faith in tobacco and religion?
Why did Chesapeake society change by the 1670s?
How did social and economic polarization develop?
How did government policies lead to political conflict?
What was the impact of Bacon’s Rebellion?
SPOTLIGHT: Why Did English Colonists Consider Themselves Superior to Indians and Africans?
Why did a slave labor system develop in England’s southern colonies?
Why did Indians revolt in New Mexico and Florida?
Why did colonists in the West Indies use enslaved Africans to grow sugar?
How was South Carolina similar to the West Indies?
Why did a slave labor system emerge in the Chesapeake?
Conclusion: How did export crops contribute to the growth of the southern colonies?
Chapter 3 Study Guide
Chapter 4, The Northern Colonies in the Seventeenth Century, 1601–1700
An American Story: Roger Williams is banished from Puritan Massachusetts
Why did Puritans emigrate to North America?
How did the English Reformation give rise to Puritanism?
Why did separatist Pilgrims establish Plymouth colony?
Why did Puritans create Massachusetts Bay colony?
SPOTLIGHT: How Did Seventeenth-Century Colonists View Nature?
How did New England society change during the seventeenth century?
How did Puritans enforce conformity?
How did Puritans govern for Puritanism?
Why did Puritanism splinter?
What were the consequences of religious and economic changes?
ANALYZING HISTORICAL EVIDENCE: Hunting Witches in Salem, Massachusetts
How did the middle colonies differ from New England and the southern colonies?
How did the Dutch colony of New Netherland become the English colony of New York?
Why were the colonies of New Jersey and Pennsylvania created?
Why did Pennsylvania accept toleration and diversity?
How did the English empire influence the colonies?
How did English policies regulate colonial trade?
How did King Philip’s War lead to the consolidation of royal authority?
Conclusion: Was there an English model of colonization in North America?
Chapter 4 Study Guide
Chapter 5, Colonial America in the Eighteenth Century, 1701–1770
An American Story: The Robin Johns experience horrific turns of fortune in the Atlantic slave trade
How did the British North American colonies change during the eighteenth century?
Why did New England life and culture change?
How did natural increase affect land distribution?
What were the pillars of the New England economy?
Why did the middle colonies grow rapidly?
Why did German and Scots-Irish immigrants come to the middle colonies?
What industries helped the middle colonies prosper?
How did indentured and enslaved labor enrich the middle colonies?
Why did the middle colonies grow and prosper?
Why did slavery come to define the southern colonies?
Why did the enslaved population of the southern colonies grow so dramatically?
SPOTLIGHT: Why Did Few Colonists Oppose the African Slave Trade?
How did enslaved people build an African American culture?
How did the labor of enslaved Black people bring prosperity to the southern colonies?
What unified colonists in British North America during the eighteenth century?
How did commerce and consumption shape colonial identity?
How did colonists’ religious experiences change?
How did trade and conflict affect the North American borderlands?
ANALYZING HISTORICAL EVIDENCE: Spanish Priests Report on California Missions
How did the policies of the British empire affect colonial politics?
Conclusion: Why did British North American colonists develop a dual identity?
Chapter 5 Study Guide
Chapter 6, The British Empire and the Colonial Crisis, 1754-1775
An American Story: Loyalist governor Thomas Hutchinson stands his ground in radical Massachusetts
How did the Seven Years’ War lay the groundwork for the colonial crisis?
Why did the Seven Years’ War begin in the Ohio Country?
What was the objective of the Albany Congress and why did it fail?
How did the war transform imperial power in North America?
Why did British victory lead to Pontiac’s War and the Proclamation of 1763?
How did imperial authorities and British colonists differ about taxing the colonies?
Why did Grenville’s Sugar Act fail in its objectives?
Why did the Stamp Act provoke widespread colonial resistance?
What forms did colonial resistance take?
SPOTLIGHT: How Did a Shoemaker Influence the Revolution?
Why did resistance spread through the colonies?
Why did the colonial crisis worsen after the repeal of the Stamp Act?
Why did the modest Townshend duties provoke such resistance?
How did the nonconsumption movement engage women in political action?
What provoked the "massacre" in Boston and how did it radicalize opinion?
How did colonial tensions ease and then explode after the repeal of the Townshend duties?
Why didn’t the repeal of the Townshend duties bring a more permanent peace?
Why did residents of Boston dump tea in their harbor?
What were the Coercive Acts?
ANALYZING HISTORICAL EVIDENCE: Reactions to the Boston Port Act outside of Massachusetts
How did the conflict spread beyond Boston?
How did New Englanders escalate tensions with imperial authorities?
What were the objectives of the First Continental Congress?
Why did armed conflict break out in Lexington and Concord?
How did enslaved people react to the colonial rebellion?
Conclusion: What changes did the American colonists want in 1775?
Chapter 6 Study Guide
Chapter 7, The War for America, 1775-1783
An American Story: Deborah Sampson masquerades as a man to join the Continental army
What persuaded British North American colonists to support independence?
What did the Second Continental Congress accomplish in its initial months?
What were the military aims of each side in 1775?
Why did Thomas Paine’s Common Sense affect public opinion?
What led the Continental Congress to declare independence?
How did the military objectives of each side shape the course of the war’s early years?
How did the Continental Army take shape?
What was the British war strategy and how was it implemented?
What battles most shaped the war’s first year?
How did the war transform the home front?
What role did local associations play on the home front?
Who remained loyal to Britain and why?
ANALYZING HISTORICAL EVIDENCE: Families Divide over the Revolution
Who was a traitor?
How did the war affect the finances and economy of the United States?
How did a war for independence unleash a broader social transformation?
How did the American Revolution become a war among continental and global powers?
What was Burgoyne’s strategy and why did it fail?
How did the American Revolution look in the West?
How did the French Alliance shape the course of the war?
What were the principal causes of the British defeat?
What was the British southern strategy?
How did the southern strategy result in guerrilla warfare?
Why did the British lose at Yorktown?
Who were the war’s losers and winners?
SPOTLIGHT: Did France and Spain Accomplish Their Objectives in the American Revolution?
Conclusion: Why did the British lose the American Revolution?
Chapter 7 Study Guide
Chapter 8, Building a Republic, 1775-1789
An American Story: James Madison comes of age in the midst of revolution
What kind of government did the Articles of Confederation create?
How and why were powers of taxation limited by the Articles of Confederation?
How did conflicting colonial land claims pose problems for the new government?
How did a weak government wage war?
How was republican government implemented?
How did states implement republican ideals in their constitutions?
Who were "the People"?
How did the new republican governments confront the institution of slavery?
SPOTLIGHT: A Slave Sues for Her Freedom
Why did the Articles of Confederation fail?
How did Congress’s financial constraints nearly result in the overthrow of republican government?
How did the Haudenosaunee lose more land after the revolution?
How did Congress try to organize the Northwest Territory and how did Native Americans resist?
ANALYZING HISTORICAL EVIDENCE: The Northwest Ordinance’s Slavery Clause
How did the confederation government’s financial constraints boil into crisis?
How did the Constitution change the nation’s form of government?
What events led to a new Constitutional Convention?
How were the principal challenges to the new Constitution resolved?
How did the Constitution limit and balance political power?
Why did so many Americans object to the Constitution?
Who were the Federalists and what did they believe?
Who were the Antifederalists and what did they believe?
How did the Federalists win the debate?
Conclusion: What was the "republican remedy"?
Chapter 8 Study Guide
Chapter 9, The New Nation Takes Form, 1789-1800
An American Story: Brilliant and brash, Alexander Hamilton becomes a polarizing figure in the 1790s
What were the sources of political stability in the 1790s?
What precedents did Washington set in creating the executive branch?
Why did Congress almost immediately amend the Constitution?
How did an ideology of republican motherhood emerge?
SPOTLIGHT: France, Britain, and Woman’s Rights in the 1790s
What was Alexander Hamilton’s economic policy?
How did the U.S. economy grow in the 1790s?
Why did Hamilton’s plan to shore up the nation’s credit provoke such controversy?
Why did the First Bank of the United States and the Report on Manufactures provoke controversy?
What threats did the United States face in the west?
Why were American settlers in the west discontented?
What dynamics shaped U.S. diplomacy with Creeks in the Southwest?
How did the United States finally defeat the Northwest Confederacy?
What threats did the United States face in the Atlantic world?
How did the United States respond to France’s Revolution and its war with Great Britain?
Why was the Jay Treaty so controversial?
How did the Haitian Revolution affect the United States?
How did partisan rivalries shape the politics of the late 1790s?
What distinguished Federalists from Republicans?
Why did the U.S. break with France, its former ally?
How did partisan conflict culminate in the Alien and Sedition Acts?
ANALYZING HISTORICAL EVIDENCE: The Crisis of 1798: Sedition
Conclusion: Why did the United States form political parties?
Chapter 9 Study Guide
Chapter 10, Republicans in Power, 1800-1828
An American Story: The Shawnee chief Tecumseh attempts to forge a pan-Indian confederacy
What was the revolution of 1800?
Were the election of 1800 and Gabriel’s rebellion revolutionary?
SPOTLIGHT: How Could a Vice President Get Away with Murder?
How did Jefferson try to implement his vision of Republican Government?
How did the United States get enmeshed in a Mediterranean war?
How did the Louisiana Purchase affect the United States?
How did the United States acquire Louisiana?
Why was the Lewis and Clark expedition into Indian Country significant?
How did Native American power west of the Mississippi shape U.S. policy?
What led to the War of 1812?
How did maritime tensions grow between the United States and Great Britain?
How did British and Native American conflicts intersect?
ANALYZING HISTORICAL EVIDENCE: The Nation’s First Formal Declaration of War
Who won the War of 1812?
How did the civil status of free American women and men differ in the early Republic?
How did Dolley Madison change elite political sociability?
How did women’s legal status change in the early nineteenth century?
How did women involve themselves in church governance?
How did women’s education change gender relations?
Why did partisan conflict increase during the administrations of Monroe and Adams?
How did suffrage for white men increase in the early nineteenth century?
Why was the conflict over Missouri statehood so bitter?
How did the collapse of Spain’s American empire affect the United States?
In what ways did the Election of 1824 mark a turning point?
Why did John Quincy Adams’s administration fail?
Conclusion: How did republican simplicity become complex?
Chapter 10 Study Guide
Chapter 11, The Expanding Republic, 1815-1840
An American Story: The Grimké sisters speak out against slavery
What economic developments reshaped the U.S. economy after 1815?
How was transportation revolutionized after 1815?
How did labor relations change after 1815?
ANALYZING HISTORICAL EVIDENCE: Mill Girls Stand Up to Factory Owners, 1834
How did the financial and legal systems shape economic change?
In what ways did the Panic of 1819 signal a new economic era of booms and busts?
How did the new practices of party politics shape Andrew Jackson’s election and agenda?
What political changes did the election of 1828 usher in?
How did issues of personal character shape the election of 1828?
How did Jackson govern differently from previous presidents?
What was Andrew Jackson’s impact on the presidency?
What characterized U.S.-Native American dynamics in the 1830s?
Why were tariffs so controversial and how did Jackson respond?
What was the Bank War?
What were the most significant social and cultural changes in the 1830s?
How did ideas of gender change in the 1830s?
What kinds of religious and moral reform movements reshaped the United States?
SPOTLIGHT: The Lively and Bawdy Subculture of the 1830s
How and why did the antislavery movement take new forms starting in the 1830s?
What political and economic events dominated Martin Van Buren’s presidency?
How did politics and slavery shape Van Buren’s presidency?
What caused the Panic of 1837 and what effect did it have?
Conclusion: The Age of Jackson or the era of reform?
Chapter 11 Study Guide
Chapter 12, The North and the West
An American Story: With the support of his wife, Abraham Lincoln struggles to survive in antebellum America
Why did "industrial evolution" occur?
Why did agricultural production boom?
How did manufacturing and mechanization boost productivity?
How did railroads break the bonds of nature?
How did the free-labor ideal explain economic inequality?
What was the free-labor ideal?
How did the free-labor ideal justify economic inequality?
SPOTLIGHT: How did the American Economy Compare to the Rest of the World?
How did immigrants experience the free-labor system?
What spurred westward expansion?
What was Manifest Destiny?
What did migrants encounter in Oregon and on the Overland Trail?
What caused the Mormon exodus to the Great Salt Lake?
Why did the U.S. and Mexico clash in the Mexican borderlands?
Why did the United States go to war with Mexico?
How did expansion shape politics?
How did U.S. expectations of the war with Mexico compare with realities?
How did the U.S. achieve victory in Mexico?
How did gold transform California?
ANALYZE HISTORICAL EVIDENCE: The Gold Rush
What changes did social reformers seek in the 1840s and 1850s?
What reforms did women’s rights activists seek?
How did abolitionists try to end slavery?
How did transcendentalists and utopians seek reform?
Conclusion: How did the free-labor ideal contribute to economic growth?
Chapter 12 Study Guide
Chapter 13, The Slave South
An American Story: Slave Nat Turner leads a revolt to end slavery
Why did the South become so different from the North?
Why was the cotton kingdom also a slave empire?
What did it mean that the South was black and white?
ANALYZING HISTORICAL EVIDENCE: Defending Slavery
What were the key elements of the plantation economy?
SPOTLIGHT: Cotton’s Global Empire
What was plantation life like for slaveowners and their wives?
How did slavery encourage paternalism and the concept of male honor?
What was myth and what reality of the lives of southern ladies?
What was plantation life like for enslaved people?
What kinds of work did enslaved people do?
How did family and religion fare in the quarter?
How did enslaved people demonstrate resistance and rebellion?
How did nonslaveholding southern whites work and live?
How did plantation-belt yeomen live?
How did upcountry yeomen live?
Who were the poor whites?
What was the culture of the plain folk?
What place did free Black people occupy in the South?
Why was freedom for Black people precarious?
How were some free Black people able to achieve despite restrictions?
How did slavery shape southern politics?
What changes came to the southern political arena?
Why did planter power persist?
Conclusion: How did slavery come to define the South?
Chapter 13 Study Guide
Chapter 14, The House Divided
An American Story: Abolitionist John Brown takes his war against slavery to Harpers Ferry, Virginia
Why did the acquisition of land from Mexico contribute to sectional tensions?
What did the Wilmot Proviso propose regarding the expansion of slavery?
What were the issues of the election of 1848?
What was the Compromise of 1850?
What upset the balance between slave and free states?
Why was the Fugitive Slave Act so disruptive?
What was the impact of Uncle Tom’s Cabin?
Why was the Kansas-Nebraska Act so explosive?
How did the party system change in the 1850s?
What happened to the old parties of Whigs and Democrats?
What defined the new parties of Know-Nothings and Republicans?
SPOTLIGHT: "A Purse of Her Own": Petitioning for the Right to Own Property
What did the Election of 1856 reveal?
Why did northern fear of the "Slave Power" intensify in the 1850s?
Why did Kansas turn violent?
Why did the Dred Scott decision fan sectionalism?
Why was Abraham Lincoln a Republican?
What issues did Lincoln and Douglas debate?
Why did some southern states secede immediately after Lincoln’s election?
What were the consequences of John Brown’s raid?
Why did the Republicans win in 1860?
What led to secession?
ANALYZING HISTORICAL EVIDENCE: Southerners Debate Secession
Conclusion: Why did political compromise fail?
Chapter 14 Study Guide
Chapter 15, The Crucible of War
An American Story: Slave Robert Smalls liberates slaves and fights for freedom in the Civil War
How did southern states respond to secession?
What was the result of the attack on Fort Sumter?
Why did the upper South have to choose sides?
Why did each side expect to win?
How did they expect to win?
How did Lincoln and Davis mobilize?
How did each side fare in the early years of the war?
Why did stalemate develop in the eastern theater?
What made Union victories in the western theater so important?
How did the Union dominate in the Atlantic theater?
What was King Cotton diplomacy?
How did the war for union become a fight for Black freedom?
How did slaves become contraband?
How did contraband become free people?
What part did Black people play in the fighting?
SPOTLIGHT: The Right to Fight: Black Soldiers in the Civil War
What problems did the Confederacy face at home?
What was radical about Confederate policy?
Why did poor southerners suffer so much?
ANALYZING HISTORICAL EVIDENCE: Home and Country
How did the enslaved help end slavery?
How did the war affect the economy and politics of the North?
How did the Lincoln administration strengthen the Union?
How did northern women contribute to the war effort?
What fed the Democrat’s dissent?
How did the Union finally win the war?
Why were Vicksburg and Gettysburg significant?
What happened when Grant took command?
Why was the election of 1864 significant?
How did the Confederacy end?
Why was the war’s bloody toll so high?
Conclusion: In what ways was the Civil War a "Second American Revolution"?
Chapter 15 Study Guide
Chapter 16, Reconstruction
An American Story: James T. Rapier emerges in the early 1870s as Alabama’s most prominent Black leader
How did competing plans for wartime reconstruction differ?
Why did Congress object to Lincoln’s plan "to bind up the nation’s wounds"?
How did land and labor systems change?
What did former slaves want from freedom?
ANALYZING HISTORICAL EVIDENCE: The Meaning of Freedom
What did early reconstruction reveal about the North’s and South’s intentions?
What was Johnson’s program of reconciliation?
How did white southerners react to Johnson’s reconciliation efforts?
How did Republicans respond to the South’s black codes?
How radical was congressional reconstruction?
What did Republicans hope to achieve with the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment?
Why did Congress pass the Military Reconstruction Act?
Why was President Johnson impeached?
Why did the Fifteenth Amendment snub women?
How successful were the South’s Republican governments?
Who were the southern Republicans?
SPOTLIGHT: What did the Ku Klux Klan Really Want?
How did plantations and labor systems change?
Why did Reconstruction collapse?
What struggles did Grant’s troubled presidency face?
How did northern resolve wither?
How did white supremacy triumph in the South?
How did the election of 1876 end in compromise?
Conclusion: Was Reconstruction "a revolution but half accomplished"?
Chapter 16 Study Guide
APPENDICES
I. Documents
The Declaration of Independence
The Constitution of the United States
Amendments to the Constitution with Annotations (including the six unratified amendments)
II. Government and Demographics
Presidential Elections
Supreme Court Justices
Admission of States to the Union
Population Growth, 1630–2010
Major Trends in Immigration, 1820–2010
Selected Bibliography
Glossary
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The American Promise, Volume 1
The American Promise has long been a classroom favorite for its scholarly foundation and its approach to history as a discipline rooted in inquiry and debate. Shining a light on the diversity of America, the ninth edition amplifies more of the individual voices that animate our nation’s history. Primary source documents in every chapter and an extensive full-color map and art program engage students in historical thinking skills. Our robust online learning platform, Achieve, delivers the full e-textbook and an integrated reader with dozens of additional primary sources, along with adaptive quizzing for self-study, tutorials, activities to engage students, and assessments for instructor insight.
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