Thinking Through Sources for Ways of the World, Volume 2

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Authors

Robert W. Strayer

Robert W. Strayer (Ph.D., University of Wisconsin) brings wide experience in world history to the writing of Ways of the World. His teaching career began in Ethiopia where he taught high school world history for two years as part of the Peace Corps. At the university level, he taught African, Soviet, and world history for many years at the State University of New York-College at Brockport, where he received Chancellors Awards for Excellence in Teaching and for Excellence in Scholarship. In 1998 he was visiting professor of world and Soviet history at the University of Canterbury in Christchurch, New Zealand. Since moving to California in 2002, he has taught world history at the University of California, Santa Cruz; California State University, Monterey Bay; and Cabrillo College. He is a long-time member of the World History Association and served on its Executive Committee. He has also participated in various AP® World History gatherings, including two years as a reader. His publications include Kenya: Focus on Nationalism, The Making of Mission Communities in East Africa, The Making of the Modern World, Why Did the Soviet Union Collapse?, and The Communist Experiment.

Eric W. Nelson

Eric W. Nelson (D.Phil., Oxford University) is a professor of history at Missouri State University. He is an experienced teacher who has won a number of awards, including the Governor’s Award for Teaching Excellence in 2011 and the CASE and Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching Professor of the Year Award for Missouri in 2012. He is currently Faculty Fellow for Engaged Learning, developing new ways to integrate in-class and online teaching environments. His publications include The Legacy of Iconoclasm: Religious War and the Relic Landscape of Tours, Blois and Vendôme, and The Jesuits and the Monarchy: Catholic Reform and Political Authority in France.

Please Note: Volume 1 includes Chapters 1-12 and Volume 2 includes Chapters 12-23.

12. THINKING THROUGH SOURCES

Early Encounters, First Impressions

Source 12.1: Cadamosto in a West African Chiefdom: Alvise da Cadamosto: On Meeting with Budomel, 1455

Source 12.2: Vasco da Gama at Calicut, India: A Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco da Gama, 1498

Source 12.3: Celebrating de Gama’s Arrival in Calicut, Tapestry Depicting the Arrival of da Gama at Calicut, Early Sixteenth Century

Source 12.4: Columbus in the Caribbean: Christopher Columbus: Letter to Ferdinand and Isabella, 1493

Source 12.5: Columbus Engraved: Columbus Arriving on Hispaniola, 1594

HISTORIANS’ VOICES

Assessing Christopher Columbus and His Legacy

Voice 12.1: Zvi Dor-Ner on Christopher Columbus’s Legacy, From Columbus and the Age of Discovery, 1991

Voice 12.2: Charles Mann on Remembering Columbus, From 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created, 2012

13. THINKING THROUGH SOURCES

The Spanish and the Aztecs: From Encounter to Conquest (1519-1521)

Source 13.1: The Meeting of Cortés and Moctezuma: A Spanish View: Bernal Díaz: The True History of the Conquest of New Spain, Mid-Sixteenth Century

Source 13.2: The Meeting of Cortés and Moctezuma: An Aztec Account: Fray Bernardino de Sahagún: The Florentine Codex, Mid-Sixteenth Century

Source 13.3: Images of Encounter: Moctezuma and Cortés, 1560; The Massacre of the Nobles, 1581

Source 13.4: Conquest and Victory: The Fall of Tenochtitlán from a Spanish Perspective: Francisco de Aguilar: Brief Record of the Conquest of New Spain, ca. 1560

Source 13.5: Defeat: The Fall of Tenochtitlán from an Aztec Perspective: Fray Bernardino de Sahagún: The Florentine Codex, Mid-Sixteenth Century

Source 13.6: Depicting the Seizure of the Aztec Capital: The Conquest of Tenochtitlán, Seventeenth Century

Source 13.7: Lamentation: The Aftermath of Defeat: Cantares Mexicanos, Late Sixteenth Century

HISTORIANS’ VOICES

Conquest, Disease and Demographic Collapse in the Aztec Empire

Voice 13.1: Alfred Crosby on the Impact of Disease on the Conquest of the Aztec Empire, From The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492, 1972

Voice 13.2: Philip Hoffman on the Roles of Disease, Social Disruption and Technology in the Conquest of the Aztecs, From Why did Europe Conquer the World, 2015

14. THINKING THROUGH SOURCES

Voices from the Slave Trade

Source 14.1: The Journey to Slavery: Olaudah Equiano: The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, 1789

Source 14.2: The Business of the Slave Trade: Thomas Phillips: A Journal of a Voyage Made in the Hannibal of London, 1694

Source 14.3: The Slave Trade and the Kingdom of Kongo: King Affonso I: Letters to King João of Portugal, 1526

Source 14.4: The Slave Trade and the Kingdom of Asante: Osei Bonsu: Conversation with Joseph Dupuis, 1820

Source 14.5: Images of the Slave Trade: Sale of Slaves in West Africa, 1796; The Slave Ship Wildfire, 1860; Advertisement for a Slave Auction in Charleston, SC, 1749

Source 14.6: Data: Patterns of the Slave Trade: Voyages and Slave Rebellion: An Aggregate Statistic; Changing Patterns of the Slave Trade

HISTORIANS’ VOICES

Describing the Middle Passage

Voice 14.1: Lisa Lindsay on Conditions Above and Below Deck during the Middle Passage, From Captives as Commodities: The Transatlantic Slave Trade, 2008

Voice 14.2: Johannes Postma on Mortality during the Middle Passage, From The Atlantic Slave Trade, 2003

15. THINKING THROUGH SOURCES

Renewal and Reform in the Early Modern World

Source 15.1: Luther’s Protest: Martin Luther: Table Talk, Early Sixteenth Century

Source 15.2: Calvinism and Catholicism: Engraving of Calvinists Destroying Statues in a Catholic Church, 1566

Source 15.3: Progress and Enlightenment: Marquis de Condorcet: Sketch of the Progress of the Human Mind, 1793–1794

Source 15.4: Art and Enlightenment: Joseph Wright, A Philosopher Giving a Lecture on the Orrery, ca. 1766

Source 15.5: The Wahhabi Perspective on Islam: Abdullah Wahhab: History and Doctrines of the Wahhabis, 1803

Source 15.6: The Poetry of Kabir: Kabir: Poetry, ca. Late Fifteenth Century

Source 15.7: Religious Syncretism in Indian Art: Kumbhaka (breathing exercises), ca. 1600

HISTORIANS’ VOICES

Reform and Renewal in the Christian and Islamic Worlds

Voice 15.1: R.W. Scribner on the Evangelical Agenda in Protestant Germany, From The German Reformation, 1986

Voice 15.2: Natana DeLong-Bas on the Teachings of Ibn Abd al Wahhab, From Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad, 2004

16. THINKING THROUGH SOURCES

Claiming Rights

Source 16.1: The French Revolution and the "Rights of Man": The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, 1789

Source 16.2: Representing the Declaration: Jean-Jacques Le Barbier: Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (Painting), ca. 1789

Source 16.3: Rights and National Independence: Simón Bolívar: The Jamaica Letter, 1815

Source 16.4: Rights and Slavery: Picturing "Reason and Nature": All Mortals Are Equal, It Is Not Birth But Virtue That Makes the Difference, 1793

Source 16.5: Rights and Slavery: An African American Voice: Frederick Douglass: What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?, 1852

Source 16.6: The Rights of Women: Depicting a Revolutionary Woman: Frenchwomen Freed, 1793

Source 16.7: The Rights of Women: An American Feminist Voice: Elizabeth Cady Stanton: The Solitude of Self, 1892

HISTORIANS’ VOICES

Origins and Echoes of the American Revolution

Voice 16.1: Dorinda Outram on Enlightenment Ideas in the American Revolution, From The Enlightenment, 1995

Voice 16.2: Carl Guarneri on British Expansion Redirected, From America in the World: The United States in Global Context, 2007

17. THINKING THROUGH SOURCES

Experiencing the Early Industrial Revolution

Source 17.1: The Experience of an English Factory Worker: Elizabeth Bentley, Factory Worker: Testimony, 1831; William Harter, Mill Owner: Testimony, 1832

Source 17.2: Urban Living Conditions: Friedrich Engels: The Condition of the Working Class in England, 1844

Source 17.3: Another View of Factory Life: Eyre Crowe: Outside the Factory, 1874

Source 17.4: A Weaver’s Lament: Only a Weaver, 1860s

Source 17.5: Poetry from the Factory Floor: Ellen Johnston: Poetry, 1867

Source 17.6: Railroads and the Middle Class: The Railroad as a Symbol of the Industrial Era, 1870s

Source 17.7: Inequality: John Leech, Capital and Labour, 1843

HISTORIANS’ VOICES

Children and Family during the Industrial Revolution

Voice 17.1: Elinor Accampo on Migration, Industry, and the Loosening of Parental Control, From Industrialization, Family Life and Class Relations: Saint Chamond, 1815-1914, 1989

Voice 17.2: Louise Tilly and Joan Scott on Daughters and Industrial Work, From Women, Work, and Family, 1978

18. THINKING THROUGH SOURCES

Colonial India: Experience and Response

Source 18.1: Images of Colonial Rule: J. Bouvier: A British Breakfast in India, 1842; Tiger Hunting in Colonial India, 1860s; The British and Indian Princes, ca. 1820; Blowing from a Gun, 1858

Source 18.2: Seeking Western Education: Ram Mohan Roy: Letter to Lord Amherst, 1823

Source 18.3: The Indian Rebellion: Prince Feroze Shah: The Azamgarh Proclamation, 1857

Source 18.4: The Credits and Debits of British Rule in India: Dadabhai Naoroji: Speech to a London Audience, 1871

Source 18.5: Gandhi on Modern Civilization: Mahatma Gandhi: Indian Home Rule, 1909

HISTORIANS’ VOICES

The Great Indian Rebellion

Voice 18.1: Stanley Wolpert on British Innovations and Indian Grievances, From India, 1965

Voice 18.2: D. R. SarDesai on the Greased Cartridges Incident, From India: The Definitive History, 2008

19. THINKING THROUGH SOURCES

Japan and the West in the Nineteenth Century

Source 19.1: Continuing Japanese Isolation: An Edict of Expulsion, 1825

Source 19.2: The Debate: Expel the Barbarians: Tokugawa Nariaki: Memorial on the American Demand for a Treaty, 1853

Source 19.3: The Debate: A Sumo Wrestler and a Foreigner: Yoshiku Utagawa: Throwing a Frenchman, 1861

Source 19.4: The Debate: Eastern Ethics and Western Science: Sakuma Shozan: Reflections on My Errors, mid-1850s

Source 19.5: Westernization: Toyohara Chikanobu: Women and Westernization, 1887

Source 19.6: A Critique of Westernization: Honda Kinkichiro: Critique of Wholesale Westernization, 1879

Source 19.7: War and Empire: Chomatsu Tomisato: Japan, Triumphant, 1904

Source 19.8: Japan in the Early Twentieth Century: Okuma Shigenobu: Fifty Years of New Japan, 1907–1908

HISTORIANS’ VOICES

Explaining Japan’s Transformation

Voice 19.1: James Huffman on Japan’s Historical Legacy and Its Meiji Leaders, From Japan in World History, 2010

Voice 19.2: James L. McClain on the International Context of Japan’s Transformation, From A Modern History of Japan, 2002

20. THINKING THROUGH SOURCES

Experiencing World War I

Sources 20.1: Experiences on the Battlefront: Julian Grenfell: Letter from a British Officer in the Trenches, November 18, 1914; John Nash: Painting: Over the Top, 1918: Hugo Mueller: Letter from a German Soldier on the Western Front, 1915; Behari Lal: Letter from a Soldier in the British Indian Army, 1917

Sources 20.2: On the Home Front: British Propaganda Poster: Women of Britain Say –– "Go!," 1915; Ivor Novello: Keep the Home Fires Burning, 1915; Editha von Krell: Recollections of Four Months Working in a German Munitions Factory, 1917; Berlin Police Reports, 1915

Sources 20.3: In the Aftermath of the Great War: Otto Dix: Painting: Prague Street, 1920; Erich Maria Remarque: All Quiet on the Western Front, 1929; Nar Diouf: A Senegalese Veteran’s Oral Testimony, 1919

HISTORIANS’ VOICES

The Legacies of World War I

Voice 20.1: John Keegan on the Legacies of World War I, From The First World War, 2000

Voice 20.2: Peter Frankopan on World War I and the Decline of Empire, From The Silk Roads: A New History of the World, 2015

21. THINKING THROUGH SOURCES

Articulating Independence

Source 21.1: Declaring Vietnam’s Independence: Ho Chi Minh: Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, September 2, 1945

Source 21.2: An Image of Vietnam’s Independence: Fifty Years Later: Fiftieth Anniversary of Vietnamese Independence, 1995

Source 21.3: India’s "Tryst with Destiny": Jawaharlal Nehru: Independence Day Speech, August 14, 1947

Source 21.4: Another View of India’s Struggle for Independence: Gandhi and the Fight against British Colonialism, 1930-1931

Source 21.5: One Africa: Kwame Nkrumah: Africa Must Unite, 1963

Source 21.6: South African "Independence": Photograph of the First Post-Apartheid South African Election, 1994

Source 21.7: Independence as Threat: Alvim Pereira: Ten Principles, 1961

HISTORIANS’ VOICES

Assessing African Independence

Voice 21.1: Basil Davidson on the Promise of Independence, From Let Freedom Come, 1978

Voice 21.2: George Ayittey on the Betrayal of Independence, From Africa Betrayed, 1992

22. THINKING THROUGH SOURCES

Reflections on Technology

Source 22.1: Postcards of the Future: A French Artist Imagines Technological Change: Air Battles and Air Freight in the Future, 1910; The Horse as a Curiosity, 1910; The School of the Future, 1910; A Video-Telephone in the Year 2000, 1910

Source 22.2: Depicting Communist Technology: Soviet Industry and Technology, 1933

Source 22.3: Nehru and Gandhi on Technology and Industry: Nehru, The Discovery of India, 1946

Source 22.4: "Technology with a Human Face": E. F. Schumacher, Small is Beautiful, 1973

Source 22.5: Nuclear Technology and Fears of a Nuclear Holocaust: "The Climatic Effects of Nuclear War", 1984; Jonathan Schell, The Fate of the Earth, 1982

Source 22.6: Technology and Climate Change: Piers Forster, Reversing Climate Change… Technologically, 2014; Jeffrey T. Kiehl, Facing Climate Change, 2016; José Ramos-Horta and Mohamed Nasheed: "Climate Change a Western Problem: Not Anymore," 2014.

HISTORIANS’ VOICES

Technological Change in the Twentieth Century

Voice 22.1: Trevor Williams on the Impacts of Technology in the First Half of the Twentieth Century, From A Short History of Twentieth-Century Technology c. 1900-c. 1950, 1982

Voice 22.2: J.R. McNeill on Challenges Overcome and Challenges Created in the Twentieth Century, From Something New Under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World, 2000

23. THINKING THROUGH SOURCES

Experiencing International Migration

Source 23.1: Hana in Holland: Hana: Adapting to Holland, 2016

Source 23.2: Ayaan Hirsi Ali in Holland: Ayaan Hirsi Ali, "From a Letter to My Grandmother," 2010

Source 23.3: Left Behind in Morocco: Poem by a Moroccan Woman, 1978

Source 23.4: Brain Drain: J. Nozipo Maraire: Zenzele: A Letter for My Daughter, 1996

Source 23.5: The Politics of Immigration: A Cautious Welcome in Europe: Chancellor Angela Merkel, Speech to the European Parliament, October 7, 2015

Source 23.6: The Politics of Immigration: Resentment and Resistance in Europe: Geert Wilders: Speech at the ‘Europe of Nations and Freedom’ Conference, 2017

Source 23.7: From the Holocaust to Israel: Fund-Raising Poster from Israel, 1950

Source 23.8: The Palestinian Diaspora: "The Catastrophe" Memorialized, 2015

HISTORIANS’ VOICES

Immigration to the United States and Europe

Voice 23.1: Konrad Jarausch on Europe’s Shift from Emigration to Immigration, From Out of Ashes: A New History of Europe in the Twentieth Century, 2015

Voice 23.2: Tobias Brinkmann and Annemarie Sammartino on American and German Attitudes towards Immigration, From The United States and Germany during the Twentieth Century: Competition and Convergence, 2010

Product Updates

New Historians Voices features help students consider secondary sources with a critical eye. Offered once at the end of every chapter, each Historians’ Viewpoint includes two short passages from scholarly works that offer different perspectives of the topic covered in the Thinking through Sources primary source feature. Designed to be used independently or in conjunction with the related primary sources, students reading Historians’ Viewpoints learn how historians consider evidence and arrive at their conclusion. Through accompanying questions students can engage in their own analysis.

Two new source projects and over fifty new sources bring new subjects to the forefront. Chapters 22 and 23 have been reorganized and revised to provide a better focus on the effects of technology and globalization, two important topics that feature in everyday life today, and not just in history. The new sources include secondary sources and a variety of new visual and written primary sources to help expand on other topics in history with new points of view and experiences.

Authors

Robert W. Strayer

Robert W. Strayer (Ph.D., University of Wisconsin) brings wide experience in world history to the writing of Ways of the World. His teaching career began in Ethiopia where he taught high school world history for two years as part of the Peace Corps. At the university level, he taught African, Soviet, and world history for many years at the State University of New York-College at Brockport, where he received Chancellors Awards for Excellence in Teaching and for Excellence in Scholarship. In 1998 he was visiting professor of world and Soviet history at the University of Canterbury in Christchurch, New Zealand. Since moving to California in 2002, he has taught world history at the University of California, Santa Cruz; California State University, Monterey Bay; and Cabrillo College. He is a long-time member of the World History Association and served on its Executive Committee. He has also participated in various AP® World History gatherings, including two years as a reader. His publications include Kenya: Focus on Nationalism, The Making of Mission Communities in East Africa, The Making of the Modern World, Why Did the Soviet Union Collapse?, and The Communist Experiment.

Eric W. Nelson

Eric W. Nelson (D.Phil., Oxford University) is a professor of history at Missouri State University. He is an experienced teacher who has won a number of awards, including the Governor’s Award for Teaching Excellence in 2011 and the CASE and Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching Professor of the Year Award for Missouri in 2012. He is currently Faculty Fellow for Engaged Learning, developing new ways to integrate in-class and online teaching environments. His publications include The Legacy of Iconoclasm: Religious War and the Relic Landscape of Tours, Blois and Vendôme, and The Jesuits and the Monarchy: Catholic Reform and Political Authority in France.