Exploring American Histories, Volume 1
Fourth Edition ©2022 Nancy Hewitt; Steven Lawson Formats: Achieve, E-book, Print
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Authors
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Nancy A. Hewitt
Nancy A. Hewitt (Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania) is Professor Emerita of History and of Women’s and Gender Studies at Rutgers University. Her publications include Radical Friend: Amy Kirby Post and Her Activist Worlds, for which she won the SHEAR prize in biography; Women’s Activism and Social Change: Rochester, New York, 1822–1872; Southern Discomfort: Women’s Activism in Tampa, Florida, 1880s–1920s, and the second edition of A Companion to American Women’s History, edited with Anne M. Valk.
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Steven F. Lawson
Steven F. Lawson (Ph.D., Columbia University) is Professor Emeritus of History at Rutgers University. His research interests include U.S. politics since 1945 and the history of the civil rights movement, with a particular focus on black politics and the interplay between civil rights and political culture in the mid-twentieth century. He is the author of many works including Running for Freedom: Civil Rights and Black Politics in America since 1941; Debating the Civil Rights Movement; Black Ballots: Voting Rights in the South, 1944–1969; and In Pursuit of Power: Southern Blacks and Electoral Politics, 1965–1982.
Table of Contents
The Combined Volume includes all chapters.
Volume 1 includes Chapters 1-14.
Volume 2 includes Chapters 14-29.
NOTE: Achieve for Exploring American Histories, 4e includes additional activities and assessments for the book content. Along with the interactive e-books for the main text and the companion source reader, Achieve provides quizzes for the source features in the book and the documents in the companion reader, LearningCurve adaptive quizzing, and a variety of autograded exercises that help students develop their historical thinking skills. Many of these resources are set up for quick use in the pre-built courses in Achieve, which can be customized easily, and Achieve also allows instructors to create quiz questions and upload their own documents.
Preface
Versions and Supplements
Maps, Figures, and Tables
How to Use This Book
Chapter 1
Mapping Global Frontiers, to 1590
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Malintzin and Martin Waldseemüller
Native Peoples in the Americas
Native Peoples Develop Diverse Cultures
The Aztecs, the Maya, and the Incas
Native Cultures to the North
Europe Expands Its Reach
The Mediterranean World
Portugal Pursues Long-Distance Trade
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 1.1 Martin Waldseemüller and Mathias Ringmann, Universalis Cosmographia, 1507
European Encounters with West Africa
Worlds Collide
Europeans Cross the Atlantic
Europeans Explore the Americas
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Who Are These Native People?
Source 1.2 Christopher Columbus, Description of His First Encounter with Indians, 1492
Source 1.3 Antonio Pigafetta, Journal, 1521
Mapmaking and Printing
The Columbian Exchange
Europeans Make Claims to North America
Spaniards Conquer Indian Empires
Spanish Adventurers Head North
Europeans Compete in North America
Spain Seeks Dominion in Europe and the Americas
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Indians in the New Spanish Empire
Source 1.4 Camilla Townsend, An Indian Woman Aids in the Conquest of Mexico, 2006 |Source 1.5 Jane E. Mangan, Indians Seek to Benefit from Spanish Conquest, 2005
Conclusion: A Transformed America
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 1
Indian and Spanish Encounters in the Americas, 1519–1530
Source 1.6 Hernán Cortés, Letter to King Charles I, 1520 | Source 1.7 Aztec Priests, Respond to the Spanish, 1524 | Source 1.8 Hernán Cortés and Malintzin Meet Montezuma at Tenochtitlán, 1519 | Source 1.9 Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, La Relación, c. 1528
Chapter 2
Colonization and Conflicts, 1580–1680
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Powhatan and Anne Hutchinson
Religious, Economic, and Imperial Transformations
The Protestant Reformation
Spain’s Global Empire Declines
France Enters the Race for Empire
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 2.1 A French Nun Reports a Huron Woman’s View of the Jesuits, 1640
The Dutch Expand into North America
The English Seek an Empire
The English Establish Jamestown
Tobacco Fuels Growth in Virginia
Expansion, Rebellion, and the Emergence of Slavery
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Indentured Servants In the Chesapeake
Source 2.2 Sarah Tailer Charges Captain and Mrs. Thomas Bradnox with Abuse, 1659 Source 2.3 Report of a Committee of the Assembly Concerning the Freedom of Elizabeth Key, 1656
The English Compete for West Indies Possessions
Pilgrims and Puritans Settle New England
Pilgrims Arrive in Massachusetts
The Puritan Migration
The Puritan Worldview
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Colonial Models of and for English Society
Source 2.4 Jack P. Greene, The Chesapeake as a Model of and For English Society, 1988 |Source 2.5 Alan Taylor, New England Puritans Develop Anglo-American Ideals, 2001
Dissenters Challenge Puritan Authority
Wars in Old and New England
Conclusion: European Empires in North America
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 2
King Philip’s War
Source 2.6 William Nahaton, Petition to Free an Indian Slave, 1675 | Source 2.7 Benjamin Church, A Visit with Awashonks, Sachem of the Sakonnet,1716 | Source 2.8 John Easton, A Relation of the Indian War, 1675 | Source 2.9 Edward Randolph, Report on the War, 1676 | Source 2.10 Mary Rowlandson, Narrative of Captivity, 1682
Chapter 3
Colonial America amid Global Change, 1680–1754
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
William Moraley Jr. and Eliza Lucas
Europeans Expand Their Claims
English Colonies Grow and Multiply
The Pueblo Revolt and Spain’s Fragile Empire
France Seeks Land and Control
European Wars and American Consequences
Colonial Conflicts and Indian Alliances
Indians Resist European Encroachment
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 3.1 The Tuscarora Appeal to the Pennsylvania Government, 1710
Conflicts on the Southern Frontier
The Benefits and Costs of Empire
Colonial Traders Join Global Networks
Imperial Policies Focus on Profits
The Atlantic Slave Trade
Seaport Cities and Consumer Cultures
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
The Middle Passage
Source 3.2 Plan of a Slave Ship, 1794
Source 3.3 The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, 1789
Labor in North America
Finding Work in the Colonies
Coping with Economic Distress
Rural Americans Face Changing Conditions
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Individualism and Community in Colonial North America
Source 3.4 James T. Lemon, Individualism Flourishes in Pennsvylvania , 1972
Source 3.5 James A. Henretta, Ethnic and Religious Bonds Foster Community, 1978
Slavery Takes Hold in the South
Africans Resist Their Enslavement
Conclusion: Changing Fortunes in British North America
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 3
Tobacco and Slaves
Source 3.6 Virginia Slave Laws, 1662 and 1667 | Source 3.7 Joseph Ball Instructs His Nephew on Managing Enslaved Workers, 1743 | Source 3.8 Penny Print of Enslaved Blacks and Plantation Owner, c. 1750 | Source 3.9 Richard Corbin Describes How to Become a Successful Planter, 1759 | Source 3.10 Lieutenant Governor William Gooch to the Board of Trade, London, 1729
Chapter 4
Religious Strife and Social Upheavals, 1680–1750
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Gilbert Tennent and Sarah Grosvenor
An Ungodly Society?
The Rise of Religious Anxieties
Cries of Witchcraft
Family and Household Dynamics
Women’s Changing Status
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 4.1 Abigail Faulkner Appeals Her Conviction for Witchcraft, 1692
Working Families
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Elite Women’s Lives in the North American Colonies
Source 4.2 Isaac Royall and His Family, 1741
Source 4.3 Eliza Lucas, Letter to Miss Bartlett, London, c. 1742
Reproduction and Women’s Roles
The Limits of Patriarchal Order
Diversity and Competition in Colonial Society
Population Growth and Economic Competition
Increasing Diversity
Expansion and Conflict
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Finding a Middle Ground in New France
Source 4.4 Richard White, Cultural Accommodation on the Middle Ground, 1991
Source 4.5 Brett Rushforth, Indian Slavery and Accommodation, 2014
Religious Awakenings
The Roots of the Great Awakening
An Outburst of Revivals
Religious Dissension
Political Awakenings
Changing Political Relations
Dissent and Protest
Transforming Urban Politics
Conclusion: A Divided Society
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 4
Awakening Religious Tensions
Source 4.6 Benjamin Franklin, On George Whitefield, the Great Revivalist, 1739 | Source 4.7 Jonathan Edwards, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, 1741 | Source 4.8 Newspaper Report on James Davenport, 1743 | Source 4.9 George Whitefield Preaching, c. 1760 | Source 4.10 Sarah Osborn, Letter to Reverend Joseph Fish, February 28, 1767
Chapter 5
War and Empire, 1754–1774
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
George Washington and Pontiac
Imperial Conflicts and Indian Wars, 1754–1763
The Opening Battles
A Shift to Global War
The Costs of Victory
Battles and Boundaries on the Frontier
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 5.1 Minavavana, Speech to Fur Trader Alexander Henry, 1761
Conflicts over Land and Labor Escalate
Postwar British Policies and Colonial Unity
Common Grievances
Forging Ties across the Colonies
Great Britain Seeks Greater Control
Resistance to Britain Intensifies
The Stamp Act Inspires Coordinated Resistance
The Townshend Act
The Boston Massacre
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Protesting the Stamp Act
Source 5.2 London Merchants Petition to Repeal the Stamp Act, 1766
Source 5.3 The Repeal, 1766
Continuing Conflicts at Home
Tea and Widening Resistance
The Continental Congress and Colonial Unity
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Colonial Identities in Eighteenth Century British North America
Source 5.4 Gordon Wood, Britain’s Influence on Colonial Identities, 1993
Source 5.5 Jon Butler, American Influences on Colonial Identities , 2000
Conclusion: Liberty within Empire
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 5
The Boston Massacre
Source 5.6 Deposition of William Wyatt, March 7, 1770 | Source 5.7 Account of Boston Massacre Funeral Procession, March 12, 1770 | Source 5.8 Paul Revere, Etching of the Boston Massacre, 1770 | Source 5.9 Account of Captain Thomas Preston, June 25, 1770 | Source 5.10 John Adams, Defense of the British Soldiers at Trial, October 1770
Chapter 6
The American Revolution, 1775–1783
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Thomas Paine and Elizabeth Freeman
The Question of Independence
Armed Conflict Erupts
Building a Continental Army
Reasons for Caution and for Action
Declaring Independence
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 6.1 Thomas Paine, Common Sense, January 1776
Choosing Sides
Recruiting Supporters
Choosing Neutrality
Committing to Independence
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
African Americans in New York City Amid the Upheavals of 1776
Source 6.2 Slaves Destroy Statue of King George III in New York City, 1776
Source 6.3 A Fire Burns British-Occupied New York City, September 1776
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Americans Decide to Revolt against British Rule
Source 6.4 Bernard Bailyn, The Importance of Ideas, 1967
Source 6.5 Timothy H. Breen, Insurgents Mobilize, 2010
Fighting for Independence, 1776–1777
British Troops Gain Early Victories
Patriots Prevail in New Jersey
A Critical Year of Warfare
Patriots Gain Critical Assistance
Surviving on the Home Front
Governing in Revolutionary Times
Colonies Become States
Patriots Divide over Slavery
France Allies with the Patriots
Raising Armies and Funds
Indian and Patriots Battle for Land
Conflicts Escalate on the Frontier
Winning the War and the Peace, 1778–1783
War Rages in the South
An Uncertain Peace
A Surprising Victory
Conclusion: Legacies of the Revolution
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 6
Women in the Revolution
Source 6.6 Christian Barnes, Letter to Elizabeth Inman, April 29, 1775 | Source 6.7 Abigail Adams, Letter to John Adams, March 31, 1776 | Source 6.8 Mary Brant, Letter to Capt. Daniel Claus, Montreal, 5 October 1779 | Source 6.9 Esther De Berdt Reed, The Sentiments of an American Woman, 1780 | Source 6.10 Elizabeth "Mum Bett" Freeman, 1811
Chapter 7
Forging a New Nation, 1783–1800
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Daniel Shays and Alexander Hamilton
Financial, Frontier, and Foreign Problems
Continental Officers Threaten Confederation
Indians, Land, and the Northwest Ordinance
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 7.1 United Indian Nations Council, Message to Congress, 1786
Depression and Debt
On the Political Margins
Separating Church and State
African Americans Struggle for Rights
Women Seek Wider Roles
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Women and Free Blacks Claim Rights in the Nation
Source 7.2 Judith Sargent Murray, On the Equality of the Sexes, 1790
Source 7.3 Petition from Free Blacks of Charleston, 1791
Indebted Farmers Fuel Political Crises
Reframing the American Government
The Constitutional Convention of 1787
Americans Battle over Ratification
Organizing the Federal Government
Hamilton Forges an Economic Agenda
Years of Crisis, 1792–1796
Foreign Trade and Foreign Wars
Disease and Dissent
Further Conflicts on the Frontier
The First Party System
The Adams Presidency
The Election of 1800
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Partisan Campaigning in the Election of 1800
Source 7.4 Eric Burns, Federalists Attack Thomas Jefferson, 2006
Source 7.5 John Ferling, Democratic-Republicans Attack John Adams, 2013
Conclusion: A Young Nation Comes of Age
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 7
Debating the Constitution in New York State
Source 7.6 James Madison, Federalist 10, The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection, November 1787 | Source 7.7 Melancton Smith, Antifederalist Argument at the New York State Convention, June 1788 | Source 7.8 Alexander Hamilton, Federalist Argument at the New York State Convention, June 1788 | Source 7.9 John Williams, Antifederalist Argument at the New York State Convention, June 1788 | Source 7.10 The Eleventh Pillar of the Great National Dome, 1788
Chapter 8
The Early Republic, 1790–1820
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Parker Cleaveland and Sacagawea
The Dilemmas of National Identity
Education for a New Nation
Literary and Cultural Developments
Religious Renewal
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 8.1 Samuel Jennings, Liberty Displaying the Arts and Sciences, 1792
The Racial Limits of "American" Culture
A New Capital for a New Nation
Extending Federal Power
A New Administration Faces Challenges
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
White Responses to Black Rebellion
Source 8.2 Thomas Jefferson, Letter to U.S. Minister to Great Britain Rufus King, July 1802 Source 8.3 Leonora Sansay, Letter to Aaron Burr, November 1802
The Louisiana Territory and Indian Societies
The Supreme Court Extends Its Reach
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Religion and Politics in the Early Republic
Source 8.4 Nathan O. Hatch, Religion as a Democratizing Force, 1989
Source 8.5 Amanda Porterfield, Religion Sows Doubt and Nurtures Partisanship, 2012
Democratic-Republicans Expand Federal Powers
Remaking America’s Economic Character
Native Lands and American Migrations
Technology Reshapes Agriculture and Industry
Transforming Domestic Production
Technology, Cotton, and Slaves
Conclusion: New Identities and New Challenges
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 8
The Corps of Discovery: Paeans to Peace and Instruments of War
Source 8.6 William Clark, Journal, October 12, 1804 | Source 8.7 Charles McKenzie, Narrative of a Fur Trader, November 1804 | Source 8.8 William Clark, Journal, November 18, 1804 | Source 8.9 William Clark, Journal, January 28, 1805, and Meriwether Lewis, February 1, 1805 | Source 8.10 Meriwether Lewis, Journal, August 20, 1805
Chapter 9
Defending and Redefining the Nation, 1809–1832
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Dolley Madison and John Ross
Conflicts at Home and Abroad
Tensions at Sea and on the Frontier
War with Britain and their Indian Allies
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 9.1 Tecumseh, Speech to William Henry Harrison, 1810
National Expansion and Regional Economies
Governments Fuel Economic Growth
Americans Expand the Nation’s Borders
Regional Economic Development
Economic and Political Crises
The Panic of 1819
Slavery in Missouri
The Expansion and Limits of American Democracy
Expanding Voting Rights
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Protesting the Missouri Compromise
Source 9.2 Timothy Claimright, Maine Not to be Coupled with the Missouri Question, 1820 Source 9.3 Thomas Jefferson, Letter to John Holmes, 1820
Racist Restrictions and Racial Violence
Political Realignments
The Presidential Election of 1828
Jacksonian Politics in Action
A Democratic Spirit?
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Expanding American Democracy for Whom?
Source 9.4 Alexander Keyssar, Broadening the Franchise, 2000
Source 9.5 James Oliver Horton and Lois E. Horton, The Limits of Democratic Expansion, 1997
Confrontations over Tariffs and the Bank
Contesting Indian Removal
Conclusion: The Nation Faces New Challenges
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 9
The Cherokee Engage White America
Source 9.6 Women’s Petition to the Cherokee National Council, June 30, 1818 | Source 9.7 Sequoyah’s Cherokee Syllabary, 1821 | Source 9.8 Cherokee Constitution, 1827 | Source 9.9 Nancy Reese, Letter to Reverend Fayette Shepherd, December 25, 1828 | Source 9.10 John Ross, On the Treaty of New Echota, 1836
Chapter 10
Social and Cultural Ferment in the North, 1820–1850
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Charles Grandison Finney and Amy Kirby Post
The Market Revolution
Creating an Urban Landscape
The Lure of Urban Life
Roots of Urban Disorder
The New Middle Class
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 10.1 1850 U.S. Census of the Isaac and Amy Post Household
The Rise of Industry
Factory Towns and Women Workers
The Decline of Craft Work and Workingmen’s Responses
The Panic of 1837
Saving the Nation from Sin
The Second Great Awakening
New Visions of Faith and Reform
Transcendentalism
Organizing for Change
Varieties of Reform
The Problem of Poverty
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
How Can We Help the Poor?
Source 10.2 Matthew Carey, Appeal to the Wealthy of the Land, 1833
Source 10.3 Emily G. Kempshall, Letter to Rochester Female Charitable Society, 1838
The Temperance Movement
Utopian Communities
Abolitionism Expands and Divides
The Beginnings of the Antislavery Movement
Abolition Gains Ground and Enemies
Abolitionism and Women’s Rights
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Religion, Race, and the Call to End Slavery
Source 10.4 Lawrence J. Friedman, The Religious Roots of Immediate Abolition, 1982
Source 10.5 Manisha Sinha, The Black Roots of Immediate Abolition, 2016
The Rise of Antislavery Parties
Conclusion: From the North to the Nation
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 10
Religious Faith and Women’s Activism
Source 10.6 Charles G. Finney, An Influential Woman Converts, 1830 | Source 10.7 Elizabeth Emery and Mary P. Abbott, Founding a Female Anti-Slavery Society, 1836 | Source 10.8 Maria Stewart, On Religion and the Pure Principles of Morality, 1831 | Source 10.9 Congregational Pastoral Letter, 1837 | Source 10.10 Sarah Grimké, Response to the Pastoral Letter, 1837
Chapter 11
Slavery Expands South and West, 1830–1850
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
José Antonio Menchaca and Solomon Northrup
Planters Expand the Slave System
A Plantation Society Develops in the South
Urban Life in the Slave South
The Consequences of Slavery’s Expansion
Slave Society and Culture
Enslaved Labor Fuels the Economy
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 11.1 Edward Strutt Abdy, Description of Washington D.C., Slave Pen, 1833
Developing an African American Culture
Resistance and Rebellion
Planters Tighten Control
Harsher Treatment for Southern Blacks
White Southerners without Slaves
Planters Seek to Unify Southern Whites
Democrats Face Political and Economic Crises
The Battle for Texas
Indians Resist Removal
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Two Views on Texas Independence
Source 11.2 Colonel William Travis, Appeal for Reinforcements, March 3, 1836
Source 11.3 Benjamin Lundy, The War in Texas, 1836
Van Buren and the Panic of 1837
The Whigs Win the White House
The National Government Looks to the West
Expanding to Oregon and Texas
Pursuing War with Mexico
Debates over Slavery Intensify
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Families in Slavery
Source 11.4 Robert William Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman, Planters Shape Slave
Families, 1974
Source 11.5 Deborah Gray White, The Roles of Enslaved Women, 1985
Conclusion: Geographical Expansion and Political Division
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 11
Lives in Slavery
Source 11.6 William Wells Brown, Memories of Childhood | Source 11.7 Harriet Jacobs, A Girl Threatened by Sexual Exploitation | Source 11.8 Solomon Northup, Endless Labor and Constant Fear | Source 11.9 Friedrich Shulz, The Slave Market | Source 11.10 Mary Reynolds, Recalling Work, Punishment, and Faith c. 1850s
Chapter 12
Imperial Ambitions and Sectional Crises, 1842–1861
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
John C. Frémont and Dred Scott
Claiming the West
Traveling the Overland Trail
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 12.1 Elizabeth Smith Geer, Oregon Trail Diary, 1847
The Gold Rush
A Crowded Land
Expansion and the Politics of Slavery
California and the Compromise of 1850
The Fugitive Slave Act Inspires Northern Protest
Pierce Encourages U.S. Expansion
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
The Fugitive Slave Law Contested
Source 12.2 William C. Nell, Meeting of Colored Citizens of Boston, September 30, 1850 Source 12.3 President Millard Fillmore, Proclamation 56 Calling on Citizens to Assist in the Recapture of a Fugitive Slave, February 18, 1851
Sectional Crises Intensify
Popularizing Antislavery Sentiment
The Kansas-Nebraska Act Stirs Dissent
Bleeding Kansas and the Election of 1856
The Dred Scott Decision
From Sectional Crisis to Southern Secession
Cortina’s War and John Brown’s Raid
The Election of 1860
From Secession to War
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
White Southerners Decide To Secede
Source 12.4 Michael P. Johnson, Georgians Choose Secession, 1977
Source 12.5 J. Mills Thornton, Alabamans Move toward Secession, 1978
Conclusion: A Nation Divided
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 12
Debating Secession
Source 12.6 Robert Toombs, Supporting Secession in Georgia, November 13, 1860 | Source 12.7 Waitman T. Willey, Speech at Virginia State Secession Convention, March 4, 1861 | Source 12.8 Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, Jefferson Davis about to become Provisional President of the Confederacy, March 16, 1861 | Source 12.9 Alexander Stephens, Cornerstone Speech, March 21, 1861 | Source 12.10 Mary Boykin Chesnut, Diary entries, April 4-12, 1861
Chapter 13
Civil War, 1861–1865
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Frederick Douglass and Rose O’Neal Greenhow
The Nation at War, 1861-1862
Both Sides Prepare for War
Wartime Roles of African Americans, Indians, and Mexican Americans
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 13.1 General Benjamin Butler, Enslaved Blacks Flee to Union Army Camps, May 27, 1861
Union Politicians Consider Emancipation
War Transforms the North and the South
Life and Death on the Battlefield
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Photographers Bring the War Home
Source 13.2 Union Soldiers in Camp, c. 1863
Source 13.3 Battlefield Dead at Antietam, 1862
The Northern Economy Expands
Urbanization and Industrialization in the South
Women Aid the War Effort
Dissent and Protest in the Midst of War
The Tide of War Turns, 1863–1865
Key Victories for the Union
African Americans Contribute to Victory
The Final Battles of a Hard War
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Why Union Soldiers Fought the Civil War
Source 13.4 Chandra Manning, The Fight Against Slavery (2007)
Source 13.5 Gary Gallagher, The Fight to Save the Union (2011)
The War Comes to an End
Conclusion: An Uncertain Future
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 13
Firsthand Accounts of the Civil War
Source 13.6 Frederick Spooner, Letter to His Brother Henry, April 30, 1861 | Source 13.7 John Hines, Letter to His Parents, April 22, 1862 | Source 13.8 Suzy King Taylor, Caring for the Thirty-third U.S. Colored Troops, 1863 | Source 13.9 Thomas Freeman, Letter to His Brother-in-Law, March 26, 1864 | Source 13.10 Eliza Frances Andrews, On Union Prisoners of War, 1865
Chapter 14
Emancipation and Reconstruction, 1863–1877
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Jefferson Long and Andrew Johnson
Emancipation
African Americans Embrace Freedom
Reuniting Families Torn Apart by Slavery
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 14.1 Freedpeople Petition for Land, 1865
Freedom to Learn
Freedom to Worship and the Leadership Role of Black Churches
National Reconstruction
Abraham Lincoln Plans for Reunification
Andrew Johnson and Presidential Reconstruction
Johnson and Congressional Resistance
Congressional Reconstruction
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Debating the Freedmen’s Bureau
Source 14.2 Colonel Eliphalet Whittlesey, Report on the Freedman’s Bureau, 1865
Source 14.3 Democratic Flier Opposing the Freedman’s Bureau Bill, 1866
The Struggle for Universal Suffrage
Remaking the South
Whites Reconstruct the South
Black Political Participation and Economic Opportunities
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Race and Reconstruction
Source 14.4 William A. Dunning, Radical Reconstruction (1907)
Source 14.5 John Hope Franklin, The South’s New Leaders (1961)
White Resistance to Congressional Reconstruction
The Unraveling of Reconstruction
The Republican Retreat
Congressional and Judicial Retreat
The Presidential Compromise of 1876
Conclusion: The Legacies of Reconstruction
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 14
Testing and Contesting Freedom
Source 14.6 Mississippi Black Code, 1865 | Source 14.7 Richard H. Cain, Federal Aid for Land Purchase, 1868 | Source 14.8 Willis B. Bocock and Black Laborers, Sharecropping Agreement, 1870 | Source 14.9 Ellen Parton, Testimony on Klan Violence, 1871 | Source 14.10 Thomas Nast, Colored Rule in a Reconstructed (?) State, 1874
Product Updates
New biographies in the chapter-opening Comparing American Histories reflect continued attention to racial and ethnic diversity. Among the new profiles are Powhatan, leader of the largest native confederacy in the mid-Atlantic region (chapter 2); Elizabeth (Mum Bett) Freeman whose freedom suit contributed to Massachusetts ending slavery during the American Revolution (chapter 6); José Antonio Menchaca a Tejano military leader who fought for Texas independence (chapter 11); Pauli Murray, the African American civil rights activist and feminist (chapter 27); and Alicia Garza, the African American community organizer and co-founder of Black Lives Matter (chapter 29).
Expanded coverage of diversity provides even greater representation of diverse peoples. For example, in chapter 3, coverage of Native Americans has been amplified and more names of specific tribes are included to highlight the variety and number of Native American nations. Chapter 6 has been reorganized in order to expand coverage of multi-ethnic, multiracial forces fighting on both sides in the Revolution. Chapter 21 includes new coverage of the Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921. And, chapter 26 includes coverage of Mexican American activist, Rejes Tijerna, and also the 1968 Bilingual Education Act. In addition to attention to regional, racial, and ethnic diversity, coverage of other historical developments has been updated such as systemic racism, pandemics, and the development of capitalist systems in various periods.
New Primary Source Projects provide students with fresh primary source materials to engage with, such as a project on Cherokee engagement with white society in Chapter 9 and a project on women’s suffrage and the ratification of the nineteenth amendment in Chapter 19.
Adjustments to chapter organization specifically in Chapters 12 and 13 allow for extended discussions on American Indians, Mexican Americans, African Americans and women during the Civil War and of black refugees who used the chaos of war to claim their independence.
Updates to the narrative include material on the divisive 2020 presidential election, the COVID-19 pandemic; the police killings of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor and the nationwide protests they inspired; the collapse of the U.S. economy caused by the pandemic; and the January 6, 2021 insurrection at the Capitol; and the subsequent second impeachment of Trump.
Authors
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Nancy A. Hewitt
Nancy A. Hewitt (Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania) is Professor Emerita of History and of Women’s and Gender Studies at Rutgers University. Her publications include Radical Friend: Amy Kirby Post and Her Activist Worlds, for which she won the SHEAR prize in biography; Women’s Activism and Social Change: Rochester, New York, 1822–1872; Southern Discomfort: Women’s Activism in Tampa, Florida, 1880s–1920s, and the second edition of A Companion to American Women’s History, edited with Anne M. Valk.
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Steven F. Lawson
Steven F. Lawson (Ph.D., Columbia University) is Professor Emeritus of History at Rutgers University. His research interests include U.S. politics since 1945 and the history of the civil rights movement, with a particular focus on black politics and the interplay between civil rights and political culture in the mid-twentieth century. He is the author of many works including Running for Freedom: Civil Rights and Black Politics in America since 1941; Debating the Civil Rights Movement; Black Ballots: Voting Rights in the South, 1944–1969; and In Pursuit of Power: Southern Blacks and Electoral Politics, 1965–1982.
Table of Contents
The Combined Volume includes all chapters.
Volume 1 includes Chapters 1-14.
Volume 2 includes Chapters 14-29.
NOTE: Achieve for Exploring American Histories, 4e includes additional activities and assessments for the book content. Along with the interactive e-books for the main text and the companion source reader, Achieve provides quizzes for the source features in the book and the documents in the companion reader, LearningCurve adaptive quizzing, and a variety of autograded exercises that help students develop their historical thinking skills. Many of these resources are set up for quick use in the pre-built courses in Achieve, which can be customized easily, and Achieve also allows instructors to create quiz questions and upload their own documents.
Preface
Versions and Supplements
Maps, Figures, and Tables
How to Use This Book
Chapter 1
Mapping Global Frontiers, to 1590
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Malintzin and Martin Waldseemüller
Native Peoples in the Americas
Native Peoples Develop Diverse Cultures
The Aztecs, the Maya, and the Incas
Native Cultures to the North
Europe Expands Its Reach
The Mediterranean World
Portugal Pursues Long-Distance Trade
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 1.1 Martin Waldseemüller and Mathias Ringmann, Universalis Cosmographia, 1507
European Encounters with West Africa
Worlds Collide
Europeans Cross the Atlantic
Europeans Explore the Americas
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Who Are These Native People?
Source 1.2 Christopher Columbus, Description of His First Encounter with Indians, 1492
Source 1.3 Antonio Pigafetta, Journal, 1521
Mapmaking and Printing
The Columbian Exchange
Europeans Make Claims to North America
Spaniards Conquer Indian Empires
Spanish Adventurers Head North
Europeans Compete in North America
Spain Seeks Dominion in Europe and the Americas
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Indians in the New Spanish Empire
Source 1.4 Camilla Townsend, An Indian Woman Aids in the Conquest of Mexico, 2006 |Source 1.5 Jane E. Mangan, Indians Seek to Benefit from Spanish Conquest, 2005
Conclusion: A Transformed America
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 1
Indian and Spanish Encounters in the Americas, 1519–1530
Source 1.6 Hernán Cortés, Letter to King Charles I, 1520 | Source 1.7 Aztec Priests, Respond to the Spanish, 1524 | Source 1.8 Hernán Cortés and Malintzin Meet Montezuma at Tenochtitlán, 1519 | Source 1.9 Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, La Relación, c. 1528
Chapter 2
Colonization and Conflicts, 1580–1680
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Powhatan and Anne Hutchinson
Religious, Economic, and Imperial Transformations
The Protestant Reformation
Spain’s Global Empire Declines
France Enters the Race for Empire
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 2.1 A French Nun Reports a Huron Woman’s View of the Jesuits, 1640
The Dutch Expand into North America
The English Seek an Empire
The English Establish Jamestown
Tobacco Fuels Growth in Virginia
Expansion, Rebellion, and the Emergence of Slavery
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Indentured Servants In the Chesapeake
Source 2.2 Sarah Tailer Charges Captain and Mrs. Thomas Bradnox with Abuse, 1659 Source 2.3 Report of a Committee of the Assembly Concerning the Freedom of Elizabeth Key, 1656
The English Compete for West Indies Possessions
Pilgrims and Puritans Settle New England
Pilgrims Arrive in Massachusetts
The Puritan Migration
The Puritan Worldview
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Colonial Models of and for English Society
Source 2.4 Jack P. Greene, The Chesapeake as a Model of and For English Society, 1988 |Source 2.5 Alan Taylor, New England Puritans Develop Anglo-American Ideals, 2001
Dissenters Challenge Puritan Authority
Wars in Old and New England
Conclusion: European Empires in North America
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 2
King Philip’s War
Source 2.6 William Nahaton, Petition to Free an Indian Slave, 1675 | Source 2.7 Benjamin Church, A Visit with Awashonks, Sachem of the Sakonnet,1716 | Source 2.8 John Easton, A Relation of the Indian War, 1675 | Source 2.9 Edward Randolph, Report on the War, 1676 | Source 2.10 Mary Rowlandson, Narrative of Captivity, 1682
Chapter 3
Colonial America amid Global Change, 1680–1754
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
William Moraley Jr. and Eliza Lucas
Europeans Expand Their Claims
English Colonies Grow and Multiply
The Pueblo Revolt and Spain’s Fragile Empire
France Seeks Land and Control
European Wars and American Consequences
Colonial Conflicts and Indian Alliances
Indians Resist European Encroachment
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 3.1 The Tuscarora Appeal to the Pennsylvania Government, 1710
Conflicts on the Southern Frontier
The Benefits and Costs of Empire
Colonial Traders Join Global Networks
Imperial Policies Focus on Profits
The Atlantic Slave Trade
Seaport Cities and Consumer Cultures
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
The Middle Passage
Source 3.2 Plan of a Slave Ship, 1794
Source 3.3 The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, 1789
Labor in North America
Finding Work in the Colonies
Coping with Economic Distress
Rural Americans Face Changing Conditions
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Individualism and Community in Colonial North America
Source 3.4 James T. Lemon, Individualism Flourishes in Pennsvylvania , 1972
Source 3.5 James A. Henretta, Ethnic and Religious Bonds Foster Community, 1978
Slavery Takes Hold in the South
Africans Resist Their Enslavement
Conclusion: Changing Fortunes in British North America
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 3
Tobacco and Slaves
Source 3.6 Virginia Slave Laws, 1662 and 1667 | Source 3.7 Joseph Ball Instructs His Nephew on Managing Enslaved Workers, 1743 | Source 3.8 Penny Print of Enslaved Blacks and Plantation Owner, c. 1750 | Source 3.9 Richard Corbin Describes How to Become a Successful Planter, 1759 | Source 3.10 Lieutenant Governor William Gooch to the Board of Trade, London, 1729
Chapter 4
Religious Strife and Social Upheavals, 1680–1750
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Gilbert Tennent and Sarah Grosvenor
An Ungodly Society?
The Rise of Religious Anxieties
Cries of Witchcraft
Family and Household Dynamics
Women’s Changing Status
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 4.1 Abigail Faulkner Appeals Her Conviction for Witchcraft, 1692
Working Families
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Elite Women’s Lives in the North American Colonies
Source 4.2 Isaac Royall and His Family, 1741
Source 4.3 Eliza Lucas, Letter to Miss Bartlett, London, c. 1742
Reproduction and Women’s Roles
The Limits of Patriarchal Order
Diversity and Competition in Colonial Society
Population Growth and Economic Competition
Increasing Diversity
Expansion and Conflict
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Finding a Middle Ground in New France
Source 4.4 Richard White, Cultural Accommodation on the Middle Ground, 1991
Source 4.5 Brett Rushforth, Indian Slavery and Accommodation, 2014
Religious Awakenings
The Roots of the Great Awakening
An Outburst of Revivals
Religious Dissension
Political Awakenings
Changing Political Relations
Dissent and Protest
Transforming Urban Politics
Conclusion: A Divided Society
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 4
Awakening Religious Tensions
Source 4.6 Benjamin Franklin, On George Whitefield, the Great Revivalist, 1739 | Source 4.7 Jonathan Edwards, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, 1741 | Source 4.8 Newspaper Report on James Davenport, 1743 | Source 4.9 George Whitefield Preaching, c. 1760 | Source 4.10 Sarah Osborn, Letter to Reverend Joseph Fish, February 28, 1767
Chapter 5
War and Empire, 1754–1774
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
George Washington and Pontiac
Imperial Conflicts and Indian Wars, 1754–1763
The Opening Battles
A Shift to Global War
The Costs of Victory
Battles and Boundaries on the Frontier
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 5.1 Minavavana, Speech to Fur Trader Alexander Henry, 1761
Conflicts over Land and Labor Escalate
Postwar British Policies and Colonial Unity
Common Grievances
Forging Ties across the Colonies
Great Britain Seeks Greater Control
Resistance to Britain Intensifies
The Stamp Act Inspires Coordinated Resistance
The Townshend Act
The Boston Massacre
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Protesting the Stamp Act
Source 5.2 London Merchants Petition to Repeal the Stamp Act, 1766
Source 5.3 The Repeal, 1766
Continuing Conflicts at Home
Tea and Widening Resistance
The Continental Congress and Colonial Unity
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Colonial Identities in Eighteenth Century British North America
Source 5.4 Gordon Wood, Britain’s Influence on Colonial Identities, 1993
Source 5.5 Jon Butler, American Influences on Colonial Identities , 2000
Conclusion: Liberty within Empire
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 5
The Boston Massacre
Source 5.6 Deposition of William Wyatt, March 7, 1770 | Source 5.7 Account of Boston Massacre Funeral Procession, March 12, 1770 | Source 5.8 Paul Revere, Etching of the Boston Massacre, 1770 | Source 5.9 Account of Captain Thomas Preston, June 25, 1770 | Source 5.10 John Adams, Defense of the British Soldiers at Trial, October 1770
Chapter 6
The American Revolution, 1775–1783
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Thomas Paine and Elizabeth Freeman
The Question of Independence
Armed Conflict Erupts
Building a Continental Army
Reasons for Caution and for Action
Declaring Independence
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 6.1 Thomas Paine, Common Sense, January 1776
Choosing Sides
Recruiting Supporters
Choosing Neutrality
Committing to Independence
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
African Americans in New York City Amid the Upheavals of 1776
Source 6.2 Slaves Destroy Statue of King George III in New York City, 1776
Source 6.3 A Fire Burns British-Occupied New York City, September 1776
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Americans Decide to Revolt against British Rule
Source 6.4 Bernard Bailyn, The Importance of Ideas, 1967
Source 6.5 Timothy H. Breen, Insurgents Mobilize, 2010
Fighting for Independence, 1776–1777
British Troops Gain Early Victories
Patriots Prevail in New Jersey
A Critical Year of Warfare
Patriots Gain Critical Assistance
Surviving on the Home Front
Governing in Revolutionary Times
Colonies Become States
Patriots Divide over Slavery
France Allies with the Patriots
Raising Armies and Funds
Indian and Patriots Battle for Land
Conflicts Escalate on the Frontier
Winning the War and the Peace, 1778–1783
War Rages in the South
An Uncertain Peace
A Surprising Victory
Conclusion: Legacies of the Revolution
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 6
Women in the Revolution
Source 6.6 Christian Barnes, Letter to Elizabeth Inman, April 29, 1775 | Source 6.7 Abigail Adams, Letter to John Adams, March 31, 1776 | Source 6.8 Mary Brant, Letter to Capt. Daniel Claus, Montreal, 5 October 1779 | Source 6.9 Esther De Berdt Reed, The Sentiments of an American Woman, 1780 | Source 6.10 Elizabeth "Mum Bett" Freeman, 1811
Chapter 7
Forging a New Nation, 1783–1800
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Daniel Shays and Alexander Hamilton
Financial, Frontier, and Foreign Problems
Continental Officers Threaten Confederation
Indians, Land, and the Northwest Ordinance
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 7.1 United Indian Nations Council, Message to Congress, 1786
Depression and Debt
On the Political Margins
Separating Church and State
African Americans Struggle for Rights
Women Seek Wider Roles
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Women and Free Blacks Claim Rights in the Nation
Source 7.2 Judith Sargent Murray, On the Equality of the Sexes, 1790
Source 7.3 Petition from Free Blacks of Charleston, 1791
Indebted Farmers Fuel Political Crises
Reframing the American Government
The Constitutional Convention of 1787
Americans Battle over Ratification
Organizing the Federal Government
Hamilton Forges an Economic Agenda
Years of Crisis, 1792–1796
Foreign Trade and Foreign Wars
Disease and Dissent
Further Conflicts on the Frontier
The First Party System
The Adams Presidency
The Election of 1800
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Partisan Campaigning in the Election of 1800
Source 7.4 Eric Burns, Federalists Attack Thomas Jefferson, 2006
Source 7.5 John Ferling, Democratic-Republicans Attack John Adams, 2013
Conclusion: A Young Nation Comes of Age
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 7
Debating the Constitution in New York State
Source 7.6 James Madison, Federalist 10, The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection, November 1787 | Source 7.7 Melancton Smith, Antifederalist Argument at the New York State Convention, June 1788 | Source 7.8 Alexander Hamilton, Federalist Argument at the New York State Convention, June 1788 | Source 7.9 John Williams, Antifederalist Argument at the New York State Convention, June 1788 | Source 7.10 The Eleventh Pillar of the Great National Dome, 1788
Chapter 8
The Early Republic, 1790–1820
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Parker Cleaveland and Sacagawea
The Dilemmas of National Identity
Education for a New Nation
Literary and Cultural Developments
Religious Renewal
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 8.1 Samuel Jennings, Liberty Displaying the Arts and Sciences, 1792
The Racial Limits of "American" Culture
A New Capital for a New Nation
Extending Federal Power
A New Administration Faces Challenges
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
White Responses to Black Rebellion
Source 8.2 Thomas Jefferson, Letter to U.S. Minister to Great Britain Rufus King, July 1802 Source 8.3 Leonora Sansay, Letter to Aaron Burr, November 1802
The Louisiana Territory and Indian Societies
The Supreme Court Extends Its Reach
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Religion and Politics in the Early Republic
Source 8.4 Nathan O. Hatch, Religion as a Democratizing Force, 1989
Source 8.5 Amanda Porterfield, Religion Sows Doubt and Nurtures Partisanship, 2012
Democratic-Republicans Expand Federal Powers
Remaking America’s Economic Character
Native Lands and American Migrations
Technology Reshapes Agriculture and Industry
Transforming Domestic Production
Technology, Cotton, and Slaves
Conclusion: New Identities and New Challenges
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 8
The Corps of Discovery: Paeans to Peace and Instruments of War
Source 8.6 William Clark, Journal, October 12, 1804 | Source 8.7 Charles McKenzie, Narrative of a Fur Trader, November 1804 | Source 8.8 William Clark, Journal, November 18, 1804 | Source 8.9 William Clark, Journal, January 28, 1805, and Meriwether Lewis, February 1, 1805 | Source 8.10 Meriwether Lewis, Journal, August 20, 1805
Chapter 9
Defending and Redefining the Nation, 1809–1832
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Dolley Madison and John Ross
Conflicts at Home and Abroad
Tensions at Sea and on the Frontier
War with Britain and their Indian Allies
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 9.1 Tecumseh, Speech to William Henry Harrison, 1810
National Expansion and Regional Economies
Governments Fuel Economic Growth
Americans Expand the Nation’s Borders
Regional Economic Development
Economic and Political Crises
The Panic of 1819
Slavery in Missouri
The Expansion and Limits of American Democracy
Expanding Voting Rights
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Protesting the Missouri Compromise
Source 9.2 Timothy Claimright, Maine Not to be Coupled with the Missouri Question, 1820 Source 9.3 Thomas Jefferson, Letter to John Holmes, 1820
Racist Restrictions and Racial Violence
Political Realignments
The Presidential Election of 1828
Jacksonian Politics in Action
A Democratic Spirit?
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Expanding American Democracy for Whom?
Source 9.4 Alexander Keyssar, Broadening the Franchise, 2000
Source 9.5 James Oliver Horton and Lois E. Horton, The Limits of Democratic Expansion, 1997
Confrontations over Tariffs and the Bank
Contesting Indian Removal
Conclusion: The Nation Faces New Challenges
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 9
The Cherokee Engage White America
Source 9.6 Women’s Petition to the Cherokee National Council, June 30, 1818 | Source 9.7 Sequoyah’s Cherokee Syllabary, 1821 | Source 9.8 Cherokee Constitution, 1827 | Source 9.9 Nancy Reese, Letter to Reverend Fayette Shepherd, December 25, 1828 | Source 9.10 John Ross, On the Treaty of New Echota, 1836
Chapter 10
Social and Cultural Ferment in the North, 1820–1850
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Charles Grandison Finney and Amy Kirby Post
The Market Revolution
Creating an Urban Landscape
The Lure of Urban Life
Roots of Urban Disorder
The New Middle Class
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 10.1 1850 U.S. Census of the Isaac and Amy Post Household
The Rise of Industry
Factory Towns and Women Workers
The Decline of Craft Work and Workingmen’s Responses
The Panic of 1837
Saving the Nation from Sin
The Second Great Awakening
New Visions of Faith and Reform
Transcendentalism
Organizing for Change
Varieties of Reform
The Problem of Poverty
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
How Can We Help the Poor?
Source 10.2 Matthew Carey, Appeal to the Wealthy of the Land, 1833
Source 10.3 Emily G. Kempshall, Letter to Rochester Female Charitable Society, 1838
The Temperance Movement
Utopian Communities
Abolitionism Expands and Divides
The Beginnings of the Antislavery Movement
Abolition Gains Ground and Enemies
Abolitionism and Women’s Rights
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Religion, Race, and the Call to End Slavery
Source 10.4 Lawrence J. Friedman, The Religious Roots of Immediate Abolition, 1982
Source 10.5 Manisha Sinha, The Black Roots of Immediate Abolition, 2016
The Rise of Antislavery Parties
Conclusion: From the North to the Nation
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 10
Religious Faith and Women’s Activism
Source 10.6 Charles G. Finney, An Influential Woman Converts, 1830 | Source 10.7 Elizabeth Emery and Mary P. Abbott, Founding a Female Anti-Slavery Society, 1836 | Source 10.8 Maria Stewart, On Religion and the Pure Principles of Morality, 1831 | Source 10.9 Congregational Pastoral Letter, 1837 | Source 10.10 Sarah Grimké, Response to the Pastoral Letter, 1837
Chapter 11
Slavery Expands South and West, 1830–1850
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
José Antonio Menchaca and Solomon Northrup
Planters Expand the Slave System
A Plantation Society Develops in the South
Urban Life in the Slave South
The Consequences of Slavery’s Expansion
Slave Society and Culture
Enslaved Labor Fuels the Economy
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 11.1 Edward Strutt Abdy, Description of Washington D.C., Slave Pen, 1833
Developing an African American Culture
Resistance and Rebellion
Planters Tighten Control
Harsher Treatment for Southern Blacks
White Southerners without Slaves
Planters Seek to Unify Southern Whites
Democrats Face Political and Economic Crises
The Battle for Texas
Indians Resist Removal
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Two Views on Texas Independence
Source 11.2 Colonel William Travis, Appeal for Reinforcements, March 3, 1836
Source 11.3 Benjamin Lundy, The War in Texas, 1836
Van Buren and the Panic of 1837
The Whigs Win the White House
The National Government Looks to the West
Expanding to Oregon and Texas
Pursuing War with Mexico
Debates over Slavery Intensify
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Families in Slavery
Source 11.4 Robert William Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman, Planters Shape Slave
Families, 1974
Source 11.5 Deborah Gray White, The Roles of Enslaved Women, 1985
Conclusion: Geographical Expansion and Political Division
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 11
Lives in Slavery
Source 11.6 William Wells Brown, Memories of Childhood | Source 11.7 Harriet Jacobs, A Girl Threatened by Sexual Exploitation | Source 11.8 Solomon Northup, Endless Labor and Constant Fear | Source 11.9 Friedrich Shulz, The Slave Market | Source 11.10 Mary Reynolds, Recalling Work, Punishment, and Faith c. 1850s
Chapter 12
Imperial Ambitions and Sectional Crises, 1842–1861
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
John C. Frémont and Dred Scott
Claiming the West
Traveling the Overland Trail
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 12.1 Elizabeth Smith Geer, Oregon Trail Diary, 1847
The Gold Rush
A Crowded Land
Expansion and the Politics of Slavery
California and the Compromise of 1850
The Fugitive Slave Act Inspires Northern Protest
Pierce Encourages U.S. Expansion
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
The Fugitive Slave Law Contested
Source 12.2 William C. Nell, Meeting of Colored Citizens of Boston, September 30, 1850 Source 12.3 President Millard Fillmore, Proclamation 56 Calling on Citizens to Assist in the Recapture of a Fugitive Slave, February 18, 1851
Sectional Crises Intensify
Popularizing Antislavery Sentiment
The Kansas-Nebraska Act Stirs Dissent
Bleeding Kansas and the Election of 1856
The Dred Scott Decision
From Sectional Crisis to Southern Secession
Cortina’s War and John Brown’s Raid
The Election of 1860
From Secession to War
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
White Southerners Decide To Secede
Source 12.4 Michael P. Johnson, Georgians Choose Secession, 1977
Source 12.5 J. Mills Thornton, Alabamans Move toward Secession, 1978
Conclusion: A Nation Divided
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 12
Debating Secession
Source 12.6 Robert Toombs, Supporting Secession in Georgia, November 13, 1860 | Source 12.7 Waitman T. Willey, Speech at Virginia State Secession Convention, March 4, 1861 | Source 12.8 Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, Jefferson Davis about to become Provisional President of the Confederacy, March 16, 1861 | Source 12.9 Alexander Stephens, Cornerstone Speech, March 21, 1861 | Source 12.10 Mary Boykin Chesnut, Diary entries, April 4-12, 1861
Chapter 13
Civil War, 1861–1865
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Frederick Douglass and Rose O’Neal Greenhow
The Nation at War, 1861-1862
Both Sides Prepare for War
Wartime Roles of African Americans, Indians, and Mexican Americans
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 13.1 General Benjamin Butler, Enslaved Blacks Flee to Union Army Camps, May 27, 1861
Union Politicians Consider Emancipation
War Transforms the North and the South
Life and Death on the Battlefield
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Photographers Bring the War Home
Source 13.2 Union Soldiers in Camp, c. 1863
Source 13.3 Battlefield Dead at Antietam, 1862
The Northern Economy Expands
Urbanization and Industrialization in the South
Women Aid the War Effort
Dissent and Protest in the Midst of War
The Tide of War Turns, 1863–1865
Key Victories for the Union
African Americans Contribute to Victory
The Final Battles of a Hard War
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Why Union Soldiers Fought the Civil War
Source 13.4 Chandra Manning, The Fight Against Slavery (2007)
Source 13.5 Gary Gallagher, The Fight to Save the Union (2011)
The War Comes to an End
Conclusion: An Uncertain Future
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 13
Firsthand Accounts of the Civil War
Source 13.6 Frederick Spooner, Letter to His Brother Henry, April 30, 1861 | Source 13.7 John Hines, Letter to His Parents, April 22, 1862 | Source 13.8 Suzy King Taylor, Caring for the Thirty-third U.S. Colored Troops, 1863 | Source 13.9 Thomas Freeman, Letter to His Brother-in-Law, March 26, 1864 | Source 13.10 Eliza Frances Andrews, On Union Prisoners of War, 1865
Chapter 14
Emancipation and Reconstruction, 1863–1877
COMPARING AMERICAN HISTORIES
Jefferson Long and Andrew Johnson
Emancipation
African Americans Embrace Freedom
Reuniting Families Torn Apart by Slavery
GUIDED PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Source 14.1 Freedpeople Petition for Land, 1865
Freedom to Learn
Freedom to Worship and the Leadership Role of Black Churches
National Reconstruction
Abraham Lincoln Plans for Reunification
Andrew Johnson and Presidential Reconstruction
Johnson and Congressional Resistance
Congressional Reconstruction
COMPARATIVE PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Debating the Freedmen’s Bureau
Source 14.2 Colonel Eliphalet Whittlesey, Report on the Freedman’s Bureau, 1865
Source 14.3 Democratic Flier Opposing the Freedman’s Bureau Bill, 1866
The Struggle for Universal Suffrage
Remaking the South
Whites Reconstruct the South
Black Political Participation and Economic Opportunities
COMPARATIVE SECONDARY SOURCE ANALYSIS
Race and Reconstruction
Source 14.4 William A. Dunning, Radical Reconstruction (1907)
Source 14.5 John Hope Franklin, The South’s New Leaders (1961)
White Resistance to Congressional Reconstruction
The Unraveling of Reconstruction
The Republican Retreat
Congressional and Judicial Retreat
The Presidential Compromise of 1876
Conclusion: The Legacies of Reconstruction
Chapter Review
PRIMARY SOURCE PROJECT 14
Testing and Contesting Freedom
Source 14.6 Mississippi Black Code, 1865 | Source 14.7 Richard H. Cain, Federal Aid for Land Purchase, 1868 | Source 14.8 Willis B. Bocock and Black Laborers, Sharecropping Agreement, 1870 | Source 14.9 Ellen Parton, Testimony on Klan Violence, 1871 | Source 14.10 Thomas Nast, Colored Rule in a Reconstructed (?) State, 1874
Product Updates
New biographies in the chapter-opening Comparing American Histories reflect continued attention to racial and ethnic diversity. Among the new profiles are Powhatan, leader of the largest native confederacy in the mid-Atlantic region (chapter 2); Elizabeth (Mum Bett) Freeman whose freedom suit contributed to Massachusetts ending slavery during the American Revolution (chapter 6); José Antonio Menchaca a Tejano military leader who fought for Texas independence (chapter 11); Pauli Murray, the African American civil rights activist and feminist (chapter 27); and Alicia Garza, the African American community organizer and co-founder of Black Lives Matter (chapter 29).
Expanded coverage of diversity provides even greater representation of diverse peoples. For example, in chapter 3, coverage of Native Americans has been amplified and more names of specific tribes are included to highlight the variety and number of Native American nations. Chapter 6 has been reorganized in order to expand coverage of multi-ethnic, multiracial forces fighting on both sides in the Revolution. Chapter 21 includes new coverage of the Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921. And, chapter 26 includes coverage of Mexican American activist, Rejes Tijerna, and also the 1968 Bilingual Education Act. In addition to attention to regional, racial, and ethnic diversity, coverage of other historical developments has been updated such as systemic racism, pandemics, and the development of capitalist systems in various periods.
New Primary Source Projects provide students with fresh primary source materials to engage with, such as a project on Cherokee engagement with white society in Chapter 9 and a project on women’s suffrage and the ratification of the nineteenth amendment in Chapter 19.
Adjustments to chapter organization specifically in Chapters 12 and 13 allow for extended discussions on American Indians, Mexican Americans, African Americans and women during the Civil War and of black refugees who used the chaos of war to claim their independence.
Updates to the narrative include material on the divisive 2020 presidential election, the COVID-19 pandemic; the police killings of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor and the nationwide protests they inspired; the collapse of the U.S. economy caused by the pandemic; and the January 6, 2021 insurrection at the Capitol; and the subsequent second impeachment of Trump.
NOW WITH ACHIEVE—Engage every student with Macmillans affordable and easy-to-use digital option
A diversity of people and perspectives with sources integrated in every chapter
Exploring American Histories offers a unique pedagogical framework that brings a variety of perspectives to life. By weaving sources into the story using a building blocks approach, culminating in a multi-source project organized around a single topic at the end of each chapter, the book helps students understand how sources form the basis of historical narratives and how to think critically about them.
Exploring American Histories is available in Achieve, Macmillan’s breakthrough complete course platform, and in print volumes. Achieve provides access to the narrative as well as a wealth of primary sources along with formative and summative assessments and robust insight reports at the ready, all in one accessible product. Achieve offers the easiest way to engage students, help them build historical thinking skills, and tailor teaching to student needs, whether the course is taught online or in person. Achieve can be adopted on its own or in a package with the print book.
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Sometimes also referred to as a spiral-bound or binder-ready textbook, loose-leaf textbooks are available to purchase. This three-hole punched, unbound version of the book costs less than a hardcover or paperback book.
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Achieve (full course) includes our complete e-book, as well as online quizzing tools, multimedia assets, and iClicker active classroom manager.
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Achieve (full course) includes our complete e-book, as well as online quizzing tools, multimedia assets, and iClicker active classroom manager.
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Visit our comparison table for details: https://www.macmillanlearning.com/college/us/digital/achieve/compare
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We can help! Contact your representative to discuss your specific needs for your course. If our off-the-shelf course materials don’t quite hit the mark, we also offer custom solutions made to fit your needs.
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ISBN:9781319409760
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ISBN:9781319481841
This package includes Achieve and Paperback.
FAQs
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Are you a campus bookstore looking for ordering information?
MPS Order Search Tool (MOST) is a web-based purchase order tracking program that allows customers to view and track their purchases. No registration or special codes needed! Just enter your BILL-TO ACCT # and your ZIP CODE to track orders.
Canadian Stores: Please use only the first five digits/letters in your zip code on MOST.
Visit MOST, our online ordering system for booksellers: https://tracking.mpsvirginia.com/Login.aspx
Learn more about our Bookstore programs here: https://www.macmillanlearning.com/college/us/contact-us/booksellers
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-
Our courses currently integrate with Canvas, Blackboard (Learn and Ultra), Brightspace, D2L, and Moodle. Click on the support documentation below to find out more details about the integration with each LMS.
Integrate Macmillan courses with Blackboard
Integrate Macmillan courses with Canvas
-
-
-
If you’re a verified instructor, you can request a free sample of our courseware, e-book, or print textbook to consider for use in your courses. Only registered and verified instructors can receive free print and digital samples, and they should not be sold to bookstores or book resellers. If you don't yet have an existing account with Macmillan Learning, it can take up to two business days to verify your status as an instructor. You can request a free sample from the right side of this product page by clicking on the "Request Instructor Sample" button or by contacting your rep. Learn more.
-
-
-
Sometimes also referred to as a spiral-bound or binder-ready textbook, loose-leaf textbooks are available to purchase. This three-hole punched, unbound version of the book costs less than a hardcover or paperback book.
-
-
-
Achieve (full course) includes our complete e-book, as well as online quizzing tools, multimedia assets, and iClicker active classroom manager.
Most Achieve Essentials courses do not include our e-books and adaptive quizzing.
Visit our comparison table for details: https://www.macmillanlearning.com/college/us/digital/achieve/compare
-
-
-
Achieve (full course) includes our complete e-book, as well as online quizzing tools, multimedia assets, and iClicker active classroom manager.
Achieve Read & Practice only includes our e-book and adaptive quizzing, and does not include instructor resources and assignable assessments. Read & Practice does integrate with LMS.
Visit our comparison table for details: https://www.macmillanlearning.com/college/us/digital/achieve/compare
-
-
-
We can help! Contact your representative to discuss your specific needs for your course. If our off-the-shelf course materials don’t quite hit the mark, we also offer custom solutions made to fit your needs.
-
Exploring American Histories, Volume 1
A diversity of people and perspectives with sources integrated in every chapter
Exploring American Histories offers a unique pedagogical framework that brings a variety of perspectives to life. By weaving sources into the story using a building blocks approach, culminating in a multi-source project organized around a single topic at the end of each chapter, the book helps students understand how sources form the basis of historical narratives and how to think critically about them.
Exploring American Histories is available in Achieve, Macmillan’s breakthrough complete course platform, and in print volumes. Achieve provides access to the narrative as well as a wealth of primary sources along with formative and summative assessments and robust insight reports at the ready, all in one accessible product. Achieve offers the easiest way to engage students, help them build historical thinking skills, and tailor teaching to student needs, whether the course is taught online or in person. Achieve can be adopted on its own or in a package with the print book.
Sample Achieve