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Chapter 1 Humans Are the Dominant Ecological Force
Discussion Questions
- Identify and document two environmental trends that reflect an improvement in the state of the environment over the last 50 years.
- To what extent do you think the major global trends in environmental deterioration are unavoidable outcomes of population growth and improved standards of living?
- Do you think de-extinction via cloning and other genetic techniques will be a positive development for conservation? Why or why not?
- If you were going to consider using synthetic biology to resurrect an extinct species, what criteria would you use to identify which species should be resurrected first? Choose a species and argue why it should be the first.
- Land in cities typically costs 10 to 100 times as much as rural land. For the sake of conservation, would you invest $100 million in 10,000 acres of forest or $100 million for 100 acres of urban forest? If the price of conservation were the same in urban settings as in rural settings, would it change your answer?
Group Projects
- Using the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, select five mammals that have become extinct and summarize the reasons why they went extinct.
- From the Gapminder website, navigate to the list of indicators and download data concerning per capita sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions by nation, as well as per capita income (GDP/population). Plot a graph that tests whether the Kuznets curve has empirical merit, and discuss the graph in conjunction with the hypothesis implied by the Kuznets curve.
Useful Websites
- Gapminder provides social, economic, and environmental data at local, national, and global levels. Users can make graphs or view illuminating videos to see how various indicators relate to sustainable development. http://www.gapminder.org
- International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species is a global assessment of status and distribution for species located throughout the world. Users can search the database for in-depth species information. http://www.iucnredlist.org
- Population Institute displays a population clock showing an up-to-the-minute tally of the world population. This organization promotes family planning and provides information to policymakers and the public regarding population. http://www.populationinstitute.org
- Population Reference Bureau provides a wealth of information, data, and charts regarding the human population, health, and environment. Data can be searched by nation or region. http://www.prb.org
Suggested Readings for In-class Discussion
- Ellis EC, Kaplan JO, Fuller DQ, Vavrus S, Goldewijk KK, Verburg PH (2013) Used planet: A global history. PNAS 110: 7978-7985. http://www.pnas.org/content/110/20/7978.short (open access)
- Jørgensen D (2013) Reintroduction and de-extinction. Bioscience 63: 719-720. http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/63/9/719.short (open access)
- Kareiva P, Marvier M (2012) What is conservation science? Bioscience 62: 962-969. http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/62/11/962.short (open access)
- Minteer BA, Pyne SJ (2013) Restoring the narrative of American environmentalism. Restor Ecol 21: 6-11. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2012.00909.x/full (open access)
- Roberts L (2011) 9 billion? Science 333: 540-543.
- Soulé M (1985) What is conservation biology? Bioscience 35: 727-734.