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Chapter 14 Balancing Agriculture and Conservation
Discussion Questions
- Do you think that sustainable food production is a realistic goal? Why or why not? What do you think agriculture will look like in 2050, and how will it interact with human health, biodiversity, and ecosystem services?
- How might genetic engineering of crops make agricultural production more sustainable, and how might genetic engineering make it less sustainable? Ground your answers by discussing potential pros and cons for real examples of existing and proposed GE crops.
- Government subsidies have been used to promote unsustainable practices (for example, the overproduction of certain crops) in the United States, the European Union, and many other regions. Some nations are also using government subsidies to promote wildlife-friendly agricultural practices such as maintaining hedgerows along farm edges. What do you think is the most appropriate role (if any) of government-sponsored subsidies in agriculture? Defend your position.
- Consider a protected area and a typical farm in the region where you live. For each of the following vertebrate groups, identify one species likely to be found in the protected area but not on the farm: carnivora, ungulates, birds, and amphibians or reptiles. Now, for these same vertebrate groups, identify an undomesticated species likely to be found on farmlands. From these eight species (four found in a protected area and four found on a farm), can you make any generalizations about the types of species that are likely or unlikely to inhabit agricultural lands?
- Annual consumption of meat (mostly pork and chicken) in China nearly doubled from 17 kg/person in 1979 to 33 kg/person in 2003. In the United States, annual consumption of meat (primarily beef, chicken, and pork) exceeds 100 kg/person. Explain three distinct ways that reducing meat consumption could improve the prospects for conservation.
Group Projects
- For three nations of your choosing, use the World Bank’s database of World Development Indicators to record the current population and the population growth rate (total fertility rate). Using this same database, record the percentages of land area that are agricultural land. Next, use the World Database on Protected Areas at ProtectedPlanet.net to find the percentage of land area protected (IUCN categories I–IV) for each of the selected nations. Use all of these data to write a report that compares and contrasts the prospects for food security and conservation of biodiversity in the three countries.
- The National Agricultural Statistics Service provides agricultural data for the United States. Limiting your analysis to a single state of your choosing, select two crop species and compare them in terms of pesticide use per acre and total pesticide use. Because pest pressure changes over time, be sure to examine data from multiple years. For the active ingredient most commonly applied to each crop, use an Internet search to examine the persistence time in soil and water and the likely effects on nontarget wildlife. Based on Internet and literature searches for these same crops, what are the likely benefits and costs of LEI or organic cultivation? Write a report comparing the potential conservation implications of conventional and alternative cultivation practices for these two crop species.
- Develop a proposal for impact investors designed to advance agriculture in a way that helps conservation and eventually repays the investment. Propose a specific agricultural practice or project for a particular location. Be sure to explain why these practices are not currently happening in the absence of a capital investment and why you think an investment in your proposed project ultimately could pay off economically.
Useful Websites
- EcoagriculturePartners provides case studies, as well as tools and publications, to promote more sustainable agricultural systems that enhance rural livelihoods while conserving biodiversity and ecosystem services. http://www.ecoagriculture.org
- FAOSTAT is a product of the United Nations. Through this site, users can access time-series data for variables relevant to agriculture and food for over 200 nations. http://faostat.fao.org/default.aspx
- HNP Stats is the World Bank's health, nutrition, and population database, providing access to more than 100 indicators for countries and country groups. In many instances, time-series of indicators are available. Data and maps can be downloaded directly. http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/health-nutrition-and-population-statistics
- National Agricultural Statistics Service of the United States Department of Agriculture provides data regarding the use of chemical pesticides, available by year, crop species, location, and active ingredient. Search results can be obtained in web format and as downloadable Excel files. Graphs or maps of use statistics can also be generated. http://www.pestmanagement.info/nass
- ProtectedPlanet is the online interface for the World Database on Protected Areas, which is the most comprehensive global dataset on marine and terrestrial protected areas. The site includes a searchable visualization tool and links for downloading the entire protected areas database. http://www.protectedplanet.net/
- United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Geodata Portal hosts maps and databases used by the UNEP in the production of environmental assessment reports. Over 450 variables are available for download in several formats including maps, graphs, and tables. Data are available at national, subregional, regional, and global scales. Search the term 'agriculture' to find datasets related to fertilizer production and use, irrigation, agricultural area, pastureland, and much more. http://geodata.grid.unep.ch
- World Bank provides a wide range of data related to national development. The full list of indicators is available at http://data.worldbank.org/indicator.
Suggested Readings for In-class Discussion
- Fischer J, Abson DJ, Butsic V, Chappell MJ, Ekroos J, et al. (2014) Land sparing versus land sharing: Moving forward. Conserv Lett 7: 149-157. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/conl.12084/full (open access)
- Laurance WF, Sayer J, Cassman KG (2014) Agricultural expansion and its impacts on tropical nature. Trends Ecol Evol 29: 107-116.
- Mendenhall CD, Karp DS, Meyer CFJ, Hadly EA, Daily GC (2014) Predicting biodiversity change and averting collapse in agricultural landscapes. Nature 509: 213-217.
- Seufert V, Ramankutty N, Foley JA (2012) Comparing the yields of organic and conventional agriculture. Nature 485: 229-232.