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Chapter 18 Climate Change Demands New Conservation Strategies
Discussion Questions
- This chapter introduced several ways that species are responding to climate change. Are there other ways that species might respond, and how could biologists measure those responses?
- What types of species are likely to be most vulnerable to climate change, and why?
- Plans for the recovery of threatened and endangered species typically specify the number of individuals and the number of populations required before the species can be considered recovered. How do you think the prospect of climate change should alter recovery goals for threatened or endangered species?
- If you were trying to persuade the man or woman on the street to change his or her patterns of consumption to reduce CO2 emissions and, in turn, mitigate climate change, what would you say? What specific examples and language would you use?
- Increases in greenhouse gas emissions are a major global change that affects biodiversity. Discuss other global changes you think are major threats to biodiversity, focusing on changes and impacts that cross national boundaries so that one country’s behavior can undermine any local action taken by its neighbor.
- Chapter 17 discussed the threat of invasive species. How might climate change influence each stage of the invasion process (introduction, escape, naturalization, becoming so abundant as to cause ecological or economic harm)?
- Discuss the pros and cons of assisted migration for an alpine plant species known to exist near the peak of only one mountain. What features, besides appropriate future climate, would you look for in an ideal release site?
Group Projects
- Visit the website for one of the major GCM projections, and summarize the differences expected under a business-as-usual emissions scenario versus the most extreme emissions-reduction scenario.
- Visit the website for the 2014 National Climate Assessment, and find the scenarios page for different U.S. regions. Pick two regions to contrast, and use this information to discuss why adaptation to climate change will need to be tailored regionally as opposed to applied uniformly across the country.
- Using data indicating the per capita wealth and education levels of major nations, identify the top 10 (the wealthiest nations with the highest education levels) and the bottom 10 (the poorest nations with the lowest education levels). Describe how these two sets of nations differ in the direction or degree of their projected climate change and climate impacts.
- Read the summary for policy makers from the first IPCC Assessment Report (Working Group 1: Scientific Assessment of Climate Change), published in 1990, and then the summary for the fifth IPCC Assessment Report (Working Group 1: The Physical Science Basis), published in 2013. Discuss how the predictions for climate change and sea-level rise, and the associated types and levels of uncertainty, have changed.
- If you were to design a public website as a source of information and a motivator for spurring the public to take action, what would the website include? And what would you want the public to be able to find interactively within that website? After answering these questions, evaluate three public websites on climate change, and discuss how close they come to the type of website you think is needed.
Useful Websites
- Clean Development Mechanism is a United Nations website that describes how industries in developed nations can increase their allowance for carbon emissions by investing in projects in developing nations that either reduce emissions of or increase sequestration of greenhouse gases. http://cdm.unfccc.int
- Climate Adaptation Knowledge Exchange is an online forum for the exchange of climate adaptation information and strategies. www.cakex.org
- Climate.gov is the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) portal for timely and authoritative scientific data and information about climate. The site offers up-to-date news, maps and data, and resources for instructors. www.climate.gov
- ClimateWizard is a web-based tool for viewing the past 50 years of climate change, as well as projections 50 or 100 years into the future for any state or country in the world (and for different seasons). http://www.climatewizard.org
- Climate Central is a group of scientists and communicators who seek to create a bridge between the scientific community and the public, providing clear and up-to-date information about climate and energy. This website provides videos, graphics, news stories and interpretation of the latest climate science. http://www.climatecentral.org
- Clouds: The Wild Card of Climate Change is a National Science Foundation special report that includes videos and animations explaining the complex interactions between clouds and climate. http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/clouds/index.jsp
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change makes its Assessment Reports available for download at this site. http://www.ipcc.ch
- National Climate Assessment summarizes the impacts of climate change on the United States, now and in the future. A team of more than 300 experts guided by a 60-member Federal Advisory Committee produced the report, which was extensively reviewed by the public and experts, including federal agencies and a panel of the National Academy of Sciences. http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/
- Natural Resources Defense Council offers information and a short documentary explaining the impacts of ocean acidification. http://www.nrdc.org/oceans/acidification
- Sea Change: The Pacific's Perilous Turn is a Seattle Times project highlighting the effects of ocean acidification. http://apps.seattletimes.com/reports/sea-change/2013/sep/11/pacific-ocean-perilous-turn-overview/
- U.S. Climate Resilience Toolkit provides the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's step-by-step guide to increase resilience to climate change. A visualization tool called Climate Explorer offers maps of climate stressors and impacts http://toolkit.climate.gov/
- UN-REDD Programme provides the latest news and publications from the United Nations program established to help developing nations prepare for participation in a future REDD mechanism. http://www.un-redd.org
- United Nations Climate Change Newsroom provides up-to-date information on international negotiations to address climate change. http://newsroom.unfccc.int/
- United States Climate Action Partnership is a group of businesses and environmental organizations that is calling upon the U.S. government to reduce national greenhouse gas emissions http://www.us-cap.org
- United States Global Change Research Program is an inter-agency research group that has characterized and assessed several aspects of greenhouse gases and their influence on global climate change. The organization offers computer model outputs of climate scenarios through several publications available online. http://www.globalchange.gov
Major Climate Modeling Centers
- Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) http://www.csiro.au/science/Changing-Climate.html
- Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis http://www.cccma.ec.gc.ca
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov
- Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate-change/resources/hadleycentre
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology http://www.mpimet.mpg.de/en/startseite.html
- National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) http://ncar.ucar.edu
Suggested Readings for In-class Discussion
- Branch TA, DeJoseph BM, Ray LJ, Wagner CA (2013) Impacts of ocean acidification on marine seafood. Trends Ecol Evol 28: 178-186.
- Davis SJ, Cao L, Caldeira K, Hoffert MI (2013) Rethinking wedges. Environ Res Lett 8: 011001. http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/8/1/011001 (open access)
- Fordham DA, Akçakaya H, Brook BW, Rodríguez A, Alves P, et al. (2013) Adapted conservation measures are required to save the Iberian lynx in a changing climate. Nat Clim Change 3: 899-903.
- Hagerman SM, Satterfield T (2014) Agreed but not preferred: Expert views on taboo options for biodiversity conservation, given climate change. Ecol Appl 24: 548-559.
- Hoffmann AA, Sgrò CM (2011) Climate change and evolutionary adaptation. Nature 470: 479-485.
- Kahan DM, Peters E, Wittlin M, Slovic P, Ouellette LL, et al. (2012) The polarizing impact of science literacy and numeracy on perceived climate change risks. Nat Clim Change 2: 732-735.
- Sax DF, Early R, Bellemare J (2013) Niche syndromes, species extinction risks, and management under climate change. Trends Ecol Evol 28: 517-523.
- Thomas CD (2011) Translocation of species, climate change, and the end of trying to recreate past ecological communities. Trends Ecol Evol 26: 216-221.