Page 40 - The Language of Composition 4e Teacher Edition Sample.indd

Source
Limitations
Claims and Evidence
Source 6 is a 2020
Osaka argues that athletes have the same The fact that Osaka is herself a celebrity
rights to be activists as other citizens. To
op-ed written by
her ethos, depending on how you see
support her position, she claims that ath-
Naomi Osaka, a
world-famous pro-
letes are affected by social injustice and
things. Of course celebrities have a
that people in other professions are given stake in managing their public images
fessional tennis
and want to be viewed as ethical peo-
society’s permission to share their opin-
player.
ple. On the other hand, Osaka’s per-
ions. In fact, because of their public plat-
sonal experiences are a powerful form
form, Osaka claims athletes have a
of evidence.
greater responsibility to “speak up.”
Evaluating Sources could either enhance or detract from 3
activity
Find one more source — either written or visual — that addresses the value of celebrity
activism. Complete this graphic organizer as you answer the questions on page 144 to
1
develop your understanding of the source, its argument, and its potential limitations.
activity Writing Topic Sentences
NEW! Continuous Reinforcement of Using the same thesis statement, write a topic sentence for another body paragraph on
Claims and Evidence
Source
Limitations
®
®
AP Skills gives you AP Exam prep Rhetorical Analysis either Chisholm’s appeals to American values or her use of the language of battle to
develop her argument.
where you need it.
Section 2 / From Reading to Writing: Crafting an AP ® Synthesis Essay
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AP tips in the margins of the opening chapters give Developing a Line of Reasoning with Evidence from the Text
and Ilya Kaminsky, whose essay draws parallels between present, recent past, and dis-
4
Guided Tour
tant past to examine how multiple experiences — Jewish, deaf, immigrant, refugee, Rhetorical analysis, as you know, requires references to the text,
Developing a Thesis Statement
students memorable, on-the-spot advice for how to AP TIP
®
veteran — across multiple generations coalesce.
AP ® Big Idea: Claims and Evidence
Though they explore many different topics, come to us from many different eras, and 4 and you should think of the language and rhetoric of a text as evi-
Once you have formulated a position, it’s time to construct your thesis statement — in other
apply the reading and writing skills they’re learning when Rather than quoting long dence to support your thesis. The key is to choose quotations care-
Identity
speak with many different voices, all of the texts in this chapter have this in common:
Hurston’s thesis in this essay consists of both an implied and an overarching message
chunks of text, refer to line
words, to make a claim that states your position clearly. Remember, claims have to be argu-
they each, in their own way, show us that no person’s identity can ever be distilled to just
perhaps most succinctly captured in the title — “How It Feels to Be Colored Me” — and
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it comes time to take the AP Exam. numbers or paragraphs. fully and integrate them as seamlessly as possible into your own
fully and integrate them as seamlessly as possible into your own
numbers or paragraphs.
one feature. Instead, these works recognize identities as complex, multifaceted, and
statements such as “At certain times I have no race, I am me” (par. 14). Such claims
Copyright (c) 2023 Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers. Uncorrected proofs have been used for this sample chapter.
Identity
able, not just statements of obvious fact. In Chapter 2, we discussed
interdependent. offer a hint at what her line of reasoning will be; her focus on her own experience of and What truly matters is what writing, avoiding big chunks of quoted text. Even though you may
What truly matters is what
writing, avoiding big chunks of quoted text. Even though you may
®
To gain a fuller appreciation and understanding of how writers develop rhetorical you say about the text. For
three different types of thesis statements: closed, open, and counterargu-
AP TIP
perspective on the relationship between race and identity leads naturally to evidence
say about the text. For
arguments in texts, we’ll focus in this chapter on the Big Ideas, Skills, and Essential not write in first- person “I,” your voice should prevail in a rhetorical
drawn primarily from personal experience and observation.
ment (pp. 95–97). Let’s take a look at how you might approach each type
example, you might write:
Experimenting with the
Knowledge in Unit 4 of the AP ® English Language and Composition course. This unit example, you might write:
“The appeal to pathos in
covers aspects of Rhetorical Situation, Claims and Evidence, and Reasoning and Orga- “The appeal to pathos in analysis essay — that is, you must offer thoughtful commentary on
different types of thesis
AP ® Big Idea: Reasoning and Organization
of thesis statement in response to the sample prompt in this chapter.
nization. While the questions after each of the readings in this chapter ask you to exam- lines 20–38 is meant to what you quote, paying close attention to explaining why you see
what you quote, paying close attention to explaining why you see
statements can add nuance
lines 20–38 is meant to
In developing her line of reasoning, Hurston uses various methods of development,
ine how several different elements of rhetoric and argument come together, we will
A closed thesis — a statement of the main idea of the argument
remind the audience of
and complexity to your
including comparison and contrast, definitions, and descriptions to support her claims.
the quote as evidence. One way you might check to make sure that
preview how those from Unit 4 work in the Classic Essay, “How It Feels to Be Colored remind the audience of the quote as evidence. One way you might check to make sure that
that also previews the major points the writer intends to make — might
She explains the similarities and differences between her experience at The New World
their personal stake in
writing — but remember that
Me,” by Zora Neale Hurston (p. 181). their personal stake in
you’re providing sufficient analysis of a work is to highlight all your
Cabaret and those of her white friend, connecting her response to the performance to her the outcome of the local you’re providing sufficient analysis of a work is to highlight all your
look like this:
the outcome of the local
argument about the relationship between culture, race, and identity. While the experience your thesis statement needs
AP ® Big Idea: Rhetorical Situation quotations from the text. Here’s an example of a paragraph that
is transcendent for Hurston, her companion enjoys the music but is not as emotionally sheriff election.”
sheriff election.” to respond to the prompt
Celebrity activism is most valuable when the
CLOSED THESIS
Distributed by Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers. Strictly for use with its products. Not for redistribution.
relies too extensively on quotations from Shirley Chisholm’s speech.
In her essay “How It Feels to Be Colored Me,” Zora Neale Hurston describes growing up with a defensible position.
moved by it. Her experience of the music comes alive in paragraph 11 as she compares
in the small, self-governing Black community of Eatonville, Florida, which meant that she
celebrity makes monetary donations or hosts
the orchestra to a “primitive” creature that “rears on its hind legs” and “breaks through to
did not experience much exclusion or racism in her early years. At age thirteen, Hurston Chisholm criticizes policy in the voice of a patriot who believes that the country is failing
the jungle beyond.” In the final paragraph of the essay, Hurston both defines and describes
an event that raises money.
was sent to a school in Jacksonville, Florida, and her experiences there provide much of
her sense of how all our identities share more commonalities than differences.
the exigence behind her essay, which was first published in a political magazine that to remain true to its foundational beliefs. First, she asks “what kind of values can be
The following example is an open thesis, which does not list all the points the writer
featured writers of the Harlem Renaissance, a flowering of Black arts and culture in the
As you read, explore, and analyze the texts in this chapter, you’ll develop not only a bet-
intends to cover in an essay:
United States with its peak of popularity during the 1920s. Hurston likely would have involved in spending $9 billion” on “weapons when several thousand disadvantaged
ter understanding of rhetoric and argument but also gain new insights into the experi-
thought of the magazine subscribers — primarily supporters of and participants in the children in the nation’s capital get nothing.” Chisholm asserts that American values have
ences and identities of others. We also hope that these texts enrich your understanding
as her primary audience, although her explanation of the forma
Harlem Renaissance — as her primary audience, although her explanation of the forma-
of who you are and who you want to become.
Harlem Renaissance
Celebrity activism is only as valuable as the amount of credibility
OPEN THESIS
tive experiences of her youth could signal her desire to reach an even wider audience. taken a wrong turn: “We Americans have come to feel that it is our mission to make the
tive experiences of her youth could signal her desire to reach an even wider audience.
celebrities have on a given issue.
The year 1928, when her essay was published, fell within some of the most productive world free. We believe that we are the good guys everywhere.” Chisholm talks of the
The year 1928, when her essay was published, fell within some of the most productive
years for Harlem Renaissance writers, but while opportunities for mainstream Black activity
Guided Reading for “Mother Tongue”
years for Harlem Renaissance writers, but while opportunities for mainstream Black
expression had increased, the context of the rhetorical situation certainly included the
expression had increased, the context of the rhetorical situation certainly included the “prejudice and hatred [that built] the nation’s slums,” pointing out that Americans are
147
As you read the Central Essay in this chapter, “Mother Tongue” by Amy Tan (p. 174),
Analyzing Language, Style, and Structure 4. Claims and Evidence / Reasoning and Organization. Yang states, “On a cultural level,

ongoing and overt racism of the time. Hurston’s purpose, closely tied to this context, is
ongoing and overt racism of the time. Hurston’s purpose, closely tied to this context, is
4
keep track of your observations and questions about how the following Big Ideas take
we must stop defining masculinity as necessarily toxic and start promoting positive
4
to challenge the popular thinking of the time, which held that race was a biological and “exposed as hypocrites in the eyes of the world when we talk about making other
to challenge the popular thinking of the time, which held that race was a biological and
shape in Tan’s essay.
1. Vocabulary in Context. What is the meaning of the word “exultation” in the final paragraph? people free.” Finally, Chisholm quotes Calvin Coolidge, saying “‘the business of America
masculinity” (par. 11). What is the assumption underlying that claim? What evidence does
immutable characteristic. Instead, Hurston presents her understanding of her race
immutable characteristic. Instead, Hurston presents her understanding of her race
through the lens of social norms and individual feeling, opening her second paragraph
through the lens of social norms and individual feeling, opening her second paragraph
What does this word choice reveal about Ward’s perspective on her heritage? Yang offer to support it? Ultimately, do you agree with this claim? Explain why or why not.
AP ® Big Idea
Questions
Observations
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is business.’ . . . At this time, gentlemen, the business of America is war, and it is time for
with the sentence, “I remember the very day that I became colored.” The introduction to
with the sentence, “I remember the very day that I became colored.” The introduction to
Identity
2. Rhetorical Situation. What strategies does Ward use to construct a narrative in the opening AP Unit Chapter
5. Rhetorical Situation / Reasoning and Organization. How does the closing quotation
Rhetorical Situation
Identity
her essay consists of a single sentence, an intriguing statement meant to lighten the
her essay consists of a single sentence, an intriguing statement meant to lighten the
paragraphs of her essay? What purposes does the narrative serve? from George Orwell serve Yang’s purpose? Introductions give an
a change.”
tone of the piece and establish her perspective on race as related in some way to the 02/09/22 5:22 PM
tone of the piece and establish her perspective on race as related in some way to the
04_sheatlc4e_40925_ch03_112_169_5pp.indd 147
3. Rhetorical Situation / Style. What diction choices does Ward make to describe her father’s
stories we tell ourselves and each other. She concludes with a compelling image and
stories we tell ourselves and each other. She concludes with a compelling image and
Claims and Evidence
Apart from the topic sentence, the paragraph consists mainly of quotations from the
Making Connections
childhood home and the mansions nearby? What purpose does that comparison serve? overview of essential
metaphor about the overwhelming attributes we all share, thus situating her argument,
about the overwhelming attributes we all share, thus situating her argument,
which relies primarily on evidence drawn from personal experience, within a broader
4. Rhetorical Situation / Claims and Evidence. How does the story of Ward’s grandaunt knowledge and AP Unit
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which relies primarily on evidence drawn from personal experience, within a broader
speech. There is scant original commentary on the text, and as a result the reader has
Reasoning and Organization
context of human experience.
context of human experience.
Eunice in paragraph 4 relate to the overall message of Ward’s essay? 1. Claims and Evidence / Reasoning and Organization. How might Stephanie Coontz
skills in the thematic
little insight into the essay writer’s thoughts on how Chisholm appeals to her audience or
172
5. Rhetorical Situation / Style. What tone does Ward establish at the conclusion of her respond to Andrew Yang’s argument about the position boys and men occupy in society
essay? More specifically, what is her attitude toward her ancestors? Toward herself? Support to what effect. Instead, this paragraph reads more like a summary that catalogs the
today?
chapters.
your responses with specific textual evidence. 2. Claims and Evidence / Reasoning and Organization. Which of the texts in this
173
congresswoman’s criticism of American policy on the Vietnam conflict.
Conversation make arguments you could use Kehinde Wiley’s painting to support? Which
06/10/22 3:54 PM
05_sheatlc4e_40925_ch04_170_315_7pp.indd 172 arguments would the image challenge?
Topics for Composing Compare that paragraph to the one that follows. While the structure and some of the

3. Claims and Evidence / Reasoning and Organization. How might Paul Theroux react to
quotations remain essentially the same, original commentary brings the writer’s voice
David French’s discussion of the idea of a “grown man”?
1. AP ® FRQ Rhetorical Analysis. In 2015, the New Yorker magazine asked four writers, 06/10/22 3:54 PM
05_sheatlc4e_40925_ch04_170_315_7pp.indd 173
including novelist and essayist Jesmyn Ward, to reflect on an innovation that changed their into the paragraph and moves it toward rhetorical analysis by discussing the ways that
4. Claims and Evidence / Reasoning and Organization. Which writers in this Conversation
lives. Read paragraphs 9–13 carefully. Write an essay that analyzes the rhetorical choices Chisholm’s language choices craft effective rhetoric.
could use the results depicted in the graph on Gender and Social Pressure to support their
lives. Read paragraphs 9–13 carefully. Write an essay that analyzes the rhetorical choices
Ward makes to develop the connections and tensions between knowing one’s genetic
Ward makes to develop the connections and tensions between knowing one’s genetic claims? To what extent does this data undermine any of the claims in the Conversation texts?
ancestry and knowing one’s individual identity.
ancestry and knowing one’s individual identity.
2. AP ® FRQ Argument. At the close of her 2017 essay “How Black Books Lit My Way
Entering the Conversation
2. AP ® FRQ Argument. While DNA testing has existed for decades, affordable and accessible 48
4
along the Appalachian Trail,” Rahawa Haile states “[t]hat visibility is vulnerability but that
along the Appalachian Trail,” Rahawa Haile states “[t]hat visibility is vulnerability but that
at-home testing is a relatively recent development. As Jesmyn Ward reveals in her essay
it also paves the way toward action for those who see themselves in you.” Write an essay
it also paves the way toward action for those who see themselves in you.” Write an essay
1. AP ®
“Cracking the Code,” discovering your genetic heritage can be both “surprising and troubling.” FRQ Synthesis. “Masculinity” is a term that many know but is difficult to define. Its
that argues your position on the role of visibility and vulnerability in bringing about change.
that argues your position on the role of visibility and vulnerability in bringing about change.
meaning may depend on who you ask, and in what context. The connotations of the term
Write an essay that argues your position on the relationship between one’s genetic makeup
3. Creative Writing. In paragraph 3, Haile lists and ascribes a weight to items she carried on
Identity
and one’s identity.
AP FRQ Exam prompts accompany all have evolved over time and various cultural atmospheres, both public and private, including
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the trail — both tangible and intangible. If you were to hike the Appalachian Trail, what
3. Connections. In this essay, Ward catalogs key areas of her identity, including her family in the workplace, school, and media, as well as within families, romantic relationships, and
might your list look like? Use Haile’s paragraph as a model to compose your own list of real
friendships. The Conversation texts comment directly or indirectly on definitions and images
readings in the thematic chapters. No matter of masculinity in today’s society. Carefully read the eight Conversation sources, including the 02/09/22 5:24 PM
history and her personal choices. Select another essay from this chapter and compare Ward’s
02_sheatlc4e_40925_ch01_002_057_3pp.indd 48
and metaphorical things to bring with you. How would each thing help you reach the goal of
elements of identity with how another writer approaches this abstract concept.
your hike?
introductory information for each source. Write an essay that synthesizes material from at least
what readings you choose to assign, students
4. Research. Research the origins of at-home DNA testing. How has this technology benefited
three of the sources and develops your position on how masculinity should be defined today.
individuals and families? Where are the points of controversy? Do the benefits outweigh the
will always be able to practice writing for the 2. Speaking and Listening. Suppose you are part of a community group deciding whether
risks and drawbacks? Write an essay that argues your position on the most important factors
to implement single-sex classrooms in grades 9–12 in an effort to raise the academic
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to consider in addressing at least one of the points of controversy in at-home DNA testing.
AP Exam. Plus, every chapter’s Conversation achievement level and character development of boys. Develop a position on this proposal
comes with a synthesis prompt, too. informed by at least three of the readings in this Conversation, and write a 2-minute
Country Pride: What I Learned
speech you would deliver to the local school board.
How Black Books Lit My Way 3. Connections. Many of the texts in this Conversation explore the different ways we talk
along the Appalachian Trail Growing Up in Rural America and interact with boys and men as well as the expectations women have of men and men
xviii Sarah Smarsh have of themselves. How do these depictions align with your observations regarding
Rahawa Haile different genders? Base your position on at least three of the readings as well as your own
Manny Carabel/Getty Images
experience and knowledge.
Sarah Smarsh (b. 1980) is a nationally recognized journalist who often
Rahawa Haile (b. 1985) is an Eritrean-American writer of short stories 4. Creative Writing.
writes and speaks on issues related to economic inequality. Born and What does the term “toxic masculinity” mean? Why has the term
and essays. Her writing has been published in the Awl, the Guardian, become so commonly used (though, perhaps, not clearly defined) in our society today?
raised in rural Kansas, where she currently lives, Smarsh earned a BA
the Toast, the Village Voice, and numerous other magazines. Write a Wikipedia-style entry explaining the characteristics of this term. Develop your
Aaron Salcido
from Kansas State University and an MFA in nonfiction from Columbia
position with at least three of the sources from this Conversation.
University. She is the author of two books: Heartland: A Memoir of
KEY CONTEXT In 2016, Haile hiked the Appalachian Trail, a 2,190-mile 5. Research. How much of an effect does the media — whether it be television, film, social
01_sheatlc4e_40925_fm_i_xxxv.indd 18
hiking-only trail stretching from Georgia to Maine. She published the media, video games, or graphic novels — have on our society’s view of men’s behavior 19/10/22 4:48 PM
Working Hard and Being Broke in the Richest Country on Earth (2018)
and She Come By It Natural: Dolly Parton and the Women Who Lived Her
following article about her experience on BuzzFeed in February 2017. and attitudes? Develop your position by referring to at least two of the sources from this
Songs (2020). Conversation and two additional sources that provide contemporary research and examples.
222 306
KEY CONTEXT The following essay, adapted from Heartland, was published by the
Guardian two months before the 2018 U.S. midterm elections.
hat it means to be “country” has changed represent the rural, working-class experience,
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W in the few decades of my lifetime, I think, often by people who have things my family
from an experience to a brand cultivated by con- never could have afforded.
servative forces. I’d never heard of Carhartt, for instance, the
Once, when I was about 30, I saw a boy from popular workwear brand sometimes worn as a
a small town wearing a T-shirt that read pro-God, class-conscious fashion statement, until I was
pro-guns, pro-life. I was shocked. In my experi- well into adulthood. My choring coveralls were
ence, there was no evangelism about my 20 years old with a big corduroy collar and holes
family’s Catholic faith in the 1980s and little in the lining, and I slopped the hogs while wear-
overt cross-pollination between our church and ing old tennis shoes as often as I did in boots.
our politics. There was, that I can recall, no Grandpa’s trucks were small Toyotas bought
resentment toward people in cities with more used, not big Fords or Chevrolets jacked up a foot
formal education and money. I’m suspicious above big tires to look tough. Those trucks tend
when I see these tropes trotted out proudly to to look too clean for a machine that’s done any
228
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TE-xxxviii Guided Tour
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