BRIEF CONTENTS
Chapter 1: Foundations
Chapter 2: Light and the Eyes
Chapter 3: The Visual Brain
Chapter 4: Recognizing Visual Objects
Chapter 5: Perceiving Color
Chapter 6: Perceiving Depth
Chapter 7: Perceiving Motion
Chapter 8: Perception for Action
Chapter 9: Attention and Awareness
Chapter 10: Sound and the Ears
Chapter 11: The Auditory Brain and Perceiving Auditory Scenes
Chapter 12: Perceiving Speech and Music
Chapter 13: The Body Senses
Chapter 14: Olfaction: Perceiving Odors
Chapter 15: Gustation: Perceiving Tastes and Flavors
DETAILED CONTENTS
Chapter 1: FoundationsVignette: "I’m Having a Stroke!"
World, Brain, and MindThe Perceptual Process
Three Main Types of Questions
How Many Senses Are There?
Evolution and Perception
Exploring Perception by Studying Behavior: PsychophysicsAbsolute Threshold
Method of Adjustment
Method of Constant Stimuli
Staircase Method
Difference Threshold
Method of Adjustment
Method of Constant Stimuli
Weber’s Law
Psychophysical Scaling
Fechner’s Law
Stevens’s Power Law
Exploring Perception by Studying Neurons and the BrainNeurons and Neural Signals
Action Potentials
Transmitting Signals Between Neurons
The Human Brain
Cognitive Neuropsychology
Functional Neuroimaging
Electroencephalography and Magnetoencephalography
Positron Emission Tomography
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Diffuse Optical Tomography
APPLICATIONS: Self-Driving CarsSummary
Key Terms
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Chapter 2: Light and the EyesVignette: A Rare Case: Vision Without Cones
LightLight as a Wave
Light as a Stream of Particles
The Optic Array
The Human Eye
Field of View
Acuity and Eye Movements
Structure and Function of the Eye
Shape and Size
Three Membranes
Cornea
Iris and Pupil
Three Chambers
Lens and Accommodation
Retina
The Retinal Image
Anatomy of the Retina
Fovea
Pathways of Neural Signals in the Retina: An Overview
Photoreceptors: Rods and ConesTransduction of Light
Number and Distribution of Rods and Cones in the Retina
Adapting to Changes in Lighting
Operating Range
Dark Adaptation
Photopigment Regeneration
Rod Sensitivity
Retinal Ganglion Cells: Circuits in the Retina Send Information to the BrainConvergence in Retinal Circuits
Receptive Fields
Size and Distribution of Receptive Fields
Retinal Ganglion Cells Have Center–Surround Receptive Fields
Center–Surround Receptive Fields Exhibit Lateral Inhibition
Edge Enhancement: An Example of How It All Works Together
Disorders of the EyeStrabismus and Amblyopia
Disorders of Accommodation: Myopia, Hyperopia, Presbyopia, and Astigmatism
Cataracts
High Intraocular Pressure: Glaucoma
Floaters and Phosphenes
Retinal Disease: Macular Degeneration and Retinitis Pigmentosa
APPLICATIONS: Night-Vision DevicesSummary
Key Terms
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Chapter 3: The Visual BrainVignette: No Thing to See
From Eye to BrainLateral Geniculate Nucleus
Pathways from the Retina to the LGN
Functional Specialization of the Layers of the LGN
Information Flow and the LGN
Superior Colliculus
Primary Visual Cortex (Area V1)Response Properties of V1 Neurons
Simple Cells
Complex Cells
Responses to Other Visual Features
Organization of V1Ocular Dominance Columns
Orientation Columns
Retinotopic Maps and Cortical Magnification
Functional Areas, Pathways, and ModulesFunctional Areas and Pathways
Pathways from the LGN to the Brain’s Visual Areas
The Dorsal and Ventral Pathways
Functional Modules
Area V4: Color and Curvature
Lateral Occipital Cortex and Inferotemporal Cortex: Objects, Faces, and Places
Area MT: Motion
Intraparietal Sulcus: Visually Guided Action
APPLICATIONS: Brain Implants for the BlindSummary
Key Terms
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Chapter 4: Recognizing Visual ObjectsVignette: Face-Blind
A Few Basic ConsiderationsObject Familiarity
Image Clutter, Object Variety, and Variable Views
Representation and Recognition
Overview: The Fundamental StepsPerceptual OrganizationRepresenting Edges and Regions
Figure–Ground Organization: Assigning Border Ownership
Principles of Figure–Ground Organization
Depth
Surroundedness
Symmetry
Convexity
Meaningfulness
Simplicity
Neural Basis of Border Ownership Assignment
Perceptual Grouping: Combining Regions
Principles of Perceptual Grouping
Proximity
Similarity
Common Motion
Symmetry and Parallelism
Good Continuation
Neural Basis of Perceptual Grouping
Perceptual Interpolation: Perceiving What Can’t Be Seen Directly
Edge CompletionSurface Completion
Neural Basis of Perceptual Interpolation
Perceptual Organization Reflects Natural Constraints
Object RecognitionHierarchical Processes: Shape Representation in V4 and Beyond
Shape Representation in V4
Shape Representation Beyond V4
The Question of "Grandmother Cells"
Modular and Distributed Representations: Faces, Places, and Other Categories of Objects
Top-Down InformationThe Gist of a Scene
Unconscious Inference and the Bayesian Approach
APPLICATIONS: Automatic Face RecognitionFeature-Based Approach
Holistic Approach
Summary
Key Terms
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Chapter 5: Perceiving ColorVignette: Colorless
Light and ColorSpectral Power Distribution
Spectral Reflectance
Dimensions of Color: Hue, Saturation, and BrightnessColor Circle and Color Solid
Color Mixtures
Subtractive Color Mixtures: Mixing Substances
Additive Color Mixtures: Mixing Lights
Complementary Colors
Primary Colors
Color and the Visual SystemTrichromatic Color Representation
Color Matching with Mixtures of Three Primary Colors
Cones and Colors
Principle of Univariance
If You Had Only One Type of Cone (or Only Rods)
If You Had Only Two Types of Cones
Physiological Evidence for Trichromacy
Meaning of Trichromacy
Opponent Color Representation
Four Basic Colors in Two Pairs of Opposites
Hue Cancellation
Physiological Evidence for Opponency
Color-Opponent Neurons in the Visual Pathway
Color Afterimages and Opponency
Meaning of Opponency
Color Contrast and Color Assimilation
Color Constancy
Lightness Constancy
Color Vision DeficienciesInherited Deficiencies of Color Vision
Monochromacy: Total Color Blindness
Dichromacy: Partial Color Blindness
Cortical Achromatopsia: Color Blindness from Brain Damage
APPLICATIONS: Color in Art and TechnologyPointillist Painting
Digital Color Video Displays
Digital Color Printing
Summary
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Chapter 6: Perceiving DepthVignette: Learning to See in 3-D
Oculomotor Depth CuesAccommodation
Convergence
Monocular Depth CuesStatic Cues: Position, Size, and Lighting in the Retinal Image
Position in the Retinal Image
Partial Occlusion
Relative Height
Size in the Retinal Image
Familiar Size
Relative Size
Texture Gradients
Linear Perspective
Lighting in the Retinal Image
Atmospheric Perspective
Shading
Cast Shadows
Dynamic Cues: Movement in the Retinal Image
Motion Parallax
Optic Flow
Deletion and Accretion
Binocular Depth Cue: Disparity in the Retinal ImagesBinocular Disparity
Corresponding and Noncorresponding Points, and the Horopter
Crossed Disparity, Uncrossed Disparity, and Zero Disparity
Correspondence Problem
Stereograms and Anaglyphs
Random-Dot Stereograms
Neural Basis of Stereopsis
Integrating Depth CuesDepth and Perceptual ConstancySize Constancy and Size–Distance Invariance
Shape Constancy and Shape–Slant Invariance
Illusions of Depth, Size, and ShapeForced Perspective
Ponzo Illusion
Ames Room
Moon Illusion
Tabletop Illusion
APPLICATIONS: 3-D Motion Pictures and TelevisionSummary
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Chapter 7: Perceiving MotionVignette: Still Life
Perceptual Organization from MotionPerceptual Grouping Based on Real and Apparent Motion
Figure–Ground Organization
Sensitivity to Biological Motion
Eye Movements and the Perception of Motion and StabilityNeural Basis of Motion Perception in Area V1 and Area MTA Simple Neural Circuit That Responds to Motion
The Motion Aftereffect
Area MT
MT Neurons Respond Selectively to Motion
Activity of MT Neurons Causes Directionally Selective Motion Perception
Disruption of Area MT Impairs Motion Perception
The Aperture Problem: Perceiving the Motion of Objects
APPLICATIONS: Visually Induced Motion SicknessThe How and Why of Motion Sickness
Could Artificial Environments Be Made Less Sickening?
Summary
Key Terms
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Chapter 8: Perception for ActionVignette: Inaction
Vision Affects ActionTime to Process Visual Feedback
Optic Flow
Prism Adaptation
Action Affects VisionAction Plans
Action Capabilities
Visual Processing in Perihand Space
Action-Specific Perception
Neural Basis of Perception for ActionThe Role of the Parietal Lobe in Eye Movements, Reaching, and Grasping
Bimodal Neurons and Hand-Centered Receptive Fields
Handheld Tool Use
Mirror Neurons
APPLICATIONS: Perception for Action in Baseball: Catching a Fly Ball and Hitting a FastballHow to Catch a Fly Ball
How to Hit a Fastball
Summary
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Chapter 9: Attention and AwarenessVignette: Out of Mind, Out of Sight
Selective Attention and the Limits of AwarenessDichotic Listening
Inattentional Blindness
Attentional Blink
Change Blindness
Attention to Locations, Features, and ObjectsAttention to Locations
Attention to Features
Attention to Objects
Why Attention Is SelectiveThe Binding Problem
Competition for Neural Representation
Attentional ControlTop-Down and Bottom-Up Attentional Control
Value-Driven Attentional Control
Sources of Attentional Control in the Brain
Awareness and the Neural Correlates of ConsciousnessSeeking the NCCs in Perceptual Bistability
What Blindsight Reveals About Awareness
APPLICATIONS: MultitaskingTask Switching
Driving While Talking on a Cell Phone
Summary
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Chapter 10: Sound and the EarsVignette: Dizzy
SoundSources of Sound
Physical and Perceptual Dimensions
of Sound
Frequency and Pitch
Amplitude and Loudness
Audibility Curve: The Absolute Threshold for Hearing
Equal-Loudness Contours
Waveform and Timbre
The EarPinna, Auditory Canal, and Tympanic Membrane
Ossicles and Sound Amplification
Eustachian Tube
Cochlea
Basilar Membrane
Organ of Corti
Stereocilia Bending and Tip Links
Inner Hair Cells and Outer Hair Cells
Neural Representation of Frequency and AmplitudeFrequency Representation
Place Code for Frequency
Physiological Frequency Tuning Curves
Psychophysical Frequency Tuning Curves
Temporal Code for Frequency
Amplitude Representation
Disorders of AuditionHearing Tests and Audiograms
Conductive Hearing Impairments
Sensorineural Hearing Impairments
Age-Related Hearing Impairment
Noise-Induced Hearing Impairments
Tinnitus
APPLICATIONS: Cochlear ImplantsSummary
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Chapter 11: The Auditory Brain and Perceiving Auditory ScenesVignette: Hearing Without Recognition
The Auditory BrainAscending Pathways: From the Ear to the Brain
Descending Pathways: From the Brain to the Ear
Auditory Cortex
"What" and "Where" Pathways and Other Specialized Regions of the Auditory Brain
Localizing SoundsPerceiving Azimuth
Interaural Level Differences
Interaural Time Differences
Head Motion and the "Cone of Confusion"
Perceiving Elevation
Perceiving Distance
Echolocation by Bats and Humans
Echoes and the Precedence Effect
Looking While Listening: Vision and Sound Localization
Neural Basis of Sound Localization
Auditory Scene AnalysisSimultaneous Grouping
Grouping by Harmonic Coherence
Grouping by Synchrony or Asynchrony
Sequential Grouping
Grouping by Frequency Similarity
Grouping by Temporal Proximity
Perceptual Completion of Occluded Sounds
APPLICATIONS: Seeing by HearingSummary
Key Terms
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Chapter 12: Perceiving Speech and MusicVignette: "Singing Sounds Like Shouting to Me"
SpeechThe Sounds of Speech: Phonemes
Producing the Sounds of Speech
Producing Vowels
Producing Consonants
Perceiving the Sounds of Speech
Coarticulation and Perceptual Constancy
Categorical Perception of Phonemes
Vision and Speech Perception: The McGurk Effect
Knowledge and Speech Perception
Syntax and Semantics
Word Segmentation
Perceptual Completion: Phonemic Restoration
Brain Pathways for Speech Perception and Production
MusicDimensions of Music: Pitch, Loudness, Timing, and Timbre
Pitch
Loudness and Timing
Timbre
Melody
Scales and Keys; Consonance and Dissonance
Knowledge and Music Perception
Neural Basis of Music Perception
APPLICATIONS: Speech Recognition by MachinesSummary
Key Terms
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Chapter 13: The Body SensesVignette: Watch Yourself!
Tactile Perception: Perceiving Mechanical Stimulation of the SkinSlow-Adapting Type I (SAI) Mechanoreceptors: Perceiving Pattern, Texture, and Shape
Fast-Adapting Type I (FAI) Mechanoreceptors: Perceiving Slip and Maintaining Grip Control
Slow-Adapting Type II (SAII) Mechanoreceptors: Perceiving Skin Stretch and Hand Conformation
Fast-Adapting Type II (FAII) Mechanoreceptors: Perceiving Fine Textures Through Transmitted Vibration
Perceiving Pleasant Touch
Mechanoreceptor Transduction
Proprioception: Perceiving Position and Movement of the LimbsNociception: Perceiving PainThermoreception: Perceiving Temperature
From Body to BrainSomatotopic Cortical Maps
Responses and Representations in the Somatosensory Cortex and Beyond
Neural Responses in Areas S1 and S2
Dorsal and Ventral Pathways
Cortical Representation of Temperature
Pathways for the Discriminative and Affective Dimensions of Pain Perception
Top-Down Mechanisms of Pain Reduction
Cortical Plasticity and Phantom Limbs
Haptic Perception: Recognizing Objects by TouchThe Vestibular System: Perceiving Balance and AccelerationAPPLICATIONS: Haptic Feedback in Robot-Assisted SurgerySummary
Key Terms
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Chapter 14: Olfaction: Perceiving OdorsVignette: When the Nose Knows Nothing
What Is an Odor?OdorantsDetection and Identification of OdorsDetection Thresholds and Difference Thresholds
Identifying and Discriminating Odors
The Role of Odors in Sensing Flavor
Olfactory Impairments: Age and Other Factors
Adaptation to OdorsAnatomical and Neural Basis of Odor PerceptionThe Olfactory System: From Nose to Brain
Olfactory Transduction and the Large Variety of Olfactory Receptors
Adaptation by Olfactory Receptor Neurons
Neural Code for Odor
Representing Odors in the Brain
Separate Cortical Representation of Odor Identity and Pleasantness
Cortical Adaptation to Odors
Odors, Emotion, and MemoryEffects of Odors on Social and Reproductive BehaviorPheromones, Sweat, and Tears
Human Leukocyte Antigen Detection
APPLICATIONS: The eNoseHow eNoses Work
eNoses on Wheels
Summary
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Chapter 15: Gustation: Perceiving Tastes and FlavorsVignette: Poor Taste
What Is Taste? What Is Flavor?Tastants and the Basic Tastes
The Perception of Flavor
Anatomical and Neural Basis of Taste and Flavor PerceptionTaste Buds and Taste Receptor Cells
From Taste Buds to the Brain
Representing Taste and Flavor in the Brain
Adaptation and Cross-Adaptation
Cognitive Influences in the OFC, and the Flavor of Expensive Wine
Regulating Food IntakeSensory-Specific Satiety
Regulating Food Intake in the Absence of Taste
Individual Differences in Taste and Flavor PerceptionAPPLICATIONS: How Sweet It Is? The Taste and Use of Artificial SweetenersBrain Responses to Artificial Sweeteners
Behavioral Responses to Artificial Sweeteners
Artificial Sweeteners and Weight Loss
Summary
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Appendix: Noise and Signal Detection TheoryNoise in Neural Activity and the Psychometric FunctionSignal Detection TheoryA Signal Detection Experiment
Sensitivity and Bias
