BRIEF CONTENTS
Chapter 1: Foundations
Chapter 2: Light and the Eyes
Chapter 3: The Visual Brain
Chapter 4: Recognizing Visual Objects
Chapter 5: Perceiving Color
Chapter 6: Perceiving Depth
Chapter 7: Perceiving Motion
Chapter 8: Perception for Action
Chapter 9: Attention and Awareness
Chapter 10: Sound and the Ears
Chapter 11: The Auditory Brain and Perceiving Auditory Scenes
Chapter 12: Perceiving Speech and Music
Chapter 13: The Body Senses
Chapter 14: Olfaction: Perceiving Odors
Chapter 15: Gustation: Perceiving Tastes and Flavors
DETAILED CONTENTS
Chapter 1: FoundationsVignette: "I’m Having a Stroke!"
World, Brain, and MindThe Perceptual ProcessThree Main Types of Questions
How Many Senses Are There?Evolution and PerceptionCheck Your UnderstandingExploring Perception by Studying Behavior: PsychophysicsAbsolute ThresholdMethod of AdjustmentMethod of Constant StimuliStaircase MethodDifference ThresholdMethod of AdjustmentMethod of Constant StimuliWeber’s LawPsychophysical ScalingFechner’s LawStevens’s Power Law
Exploring Perception by Studying Neurons and the BrainNeurons and Neural SignalsAction PotentialsTransmitting Signals Between NeuronsThe Human Brain
Cognitive NeuropsychologyFunctional NeuroimagingElectroencephalography and MagnetoencephalographyPositron Emission TomographyFunctional Magnetic Resonance ImagingDiffuse Optical Tomography
APPLICATIONS: Self-Driving CarsCheck Your UnderstandingSummaryKey TermsExpand Your UnderstandingRead More About It
Chapter 2: Light and the EyesVignette: A Rare Case: Vision Without Cones
LightLight as a WaveLight as a Stream of ParticlesThe Optic Array
The Human EyeField of ViewAcuity and Eye MovementsStructure and Function of the EyeShape and SizeThree MembranesCorneaIris and PupilThree ChambersLens and Accommodation
RetinaThe Retinal ImageAnatomy of the RetinaFoveaPathways of Neural Signals in the Retina: An Overview
Photoreceptors: Rods and ConesTransduction of LightNumber and Distribution of Rods and Cones in the RetinaAdapting to Changes in LightingOperating RangeDark AdaptationPhotopigment RegenerationRod Sensitivity
Retinal Ganglion Cells: Circuits in the Retina Send Information to the BrainConvergence in Retinal CircuitsReceptive FieldsSize and Distribution of Receptive FieldsRetinal Ganglion Cells Have Center–Surround Receptive FieldsCenter–Surround Receptive Fields Exhibit Lateral InhibitionEdge Enhancement: An Example of How It All Works Together
Disorders of the EyeStrabismus and AmblyopiaDisorders of Accommodation: Myopia, Hyperopia, Presbyopia, and AstigmatismCataractsHigh Intraocular Pressure: GlaucomaFloaters and PhosphenesRetinal Disease: Macular Degeneration and Retinitis Pigmentosa
APPLICATIONS: Night-Vision DevicesCheck Your UnderstandingSummaryKey TermsExpand Your UnderstandingRead More About It
Chapter 3: The Visual BrainVignette: No Thing to See
From Eye to BrainLateral Geniculate NucleusPathways from the Retina to the LGNFunctional Specialization of the Layers of the LGNInformation Flow and the LGNSuperior Colliculus
Primary Visual Cortex (Area V1)Response Properties of V1 NeuronsSimple CellsComplex CellsResponses to Other Visual Features
Organization of V1Ocular Dominance ColumnsOrientation ColumnsRetinotopic Maps and Cortical Magnification
Functional Areas, Pathways, and ModulesFunctional Areas and PathwaysPathways from the LGN to the Brain’s Visual AreasThe Dorsal and Ventral PathwaysFunctional ModulesArea V4: Color and CurvatureLateral Occipital Cortex and Inferotemporal Cortex: Objects, Faces, and PlacesArea MT: MotionIntraparietal Sulcus: Visually Guided Action
APPLICATIONS: Brain Implants for the BlindCheck Your UnderstandingSummaryKey TermsExpand Your UnderstandingRead More About It
Chapter 4: Recognizing Visual ObjectsVignette: Face-Blind
A Few Basic ConsiderationsObject FamiliarityImage Clutter, Object Variety, and Variable ViewsRepresentation and Recognition
Overview: The Fundamental StepsCheck Your UnderstandingPerceptual OrganizationRepresenting Edges and RegionsFigure–Ground Organization: Assigning Border OwnershipPrinciples of Figure–Ground OrganizationDepthSurroundednessSymmetryConvexityMeaningfulnessSimplicityNeural Basis of Border Ownership Assignment
Perceptual Grouping: Combining RegionsPrinciples of Perceptual GroupingProximitySimilarityCommon MotionSymmetry and ParallelismGood ContinuationNeural Basis of Perceptual GroupingPerceptual Interpolation: Perceiving What Can’t Be Seen Directly
Edge CompletionSurface CompletionNeural Basis of Perceptual InterpolationPerceptual Organization Reflects Natural ConstraintsObject RecognitionHierarchical Processes: Shape Representation in V4 and BeyondShape Representation in V4Shape Representation Beyond V4The Question of "Grandmother Cells"Modular and Distributed Representations: Faces, Places, and Other Categories of Objects
Top-Down InformationThe Gist of a SceneUnconscious Inference and the Bayesian Approach
APPLICATIONS: Automatic Face RecognitionFeature-Based ApproachHolistic Approach
SummaryKey TermsExpand Your UnderstandingRead More About It
Chapter 5: Perceiving ColorVignette: Colorless
Light and ColorSpectral Power DistributionSpectral Reflectance
Dimensions of Color: Hue, Saturation, and BrightnessColor Circle and Color SolidColor MixturesSubtractive Color Mixtures: Mixing SubstancesAdditive Color Mixtures: Mixing LightsComplementary ColorsPrimary Colors
Color and the Visual SystemTrichromatic Color RepresentationColor Matching with Mixtures of Three Primary ColorsCones and ColorsPrinciple of UnivarianceIf You Had Only One Type of Cone (or Only Rods)If You Had Only Two Types of ConesPhysiological Evidence for TrichromacyMeaning of Trichromacy
Opponent Color RepresentationFour Basic Colors in Two Pairs of OppositesHue CancellationPhysiological Evidence for OpponencyColor-Opponent Neurons in the Visual PathwayColor Afterimages and OpponencyMeaning of OpponencyColor Contrast and Color AssimilationColor ConstancyLightness Constancy
Color Vision DeficienciesInherited Deficiencies of Color VisionMonochromacy: Total Color BlindnessDichromacy: Partial Color BlindnessCortical Achromatopsia: Color Blindness from Brain Damage
APPLICATIONS: Color in Art and TechnologyPointillist PaintingDigital Color Video DisplaysDigital Color Printing
SummaryKey TermsExpand Your UnderstandingRead More About It
Chapter 6: Perceiving DepthVignette: Learning to See in 3-D
Oculomotor Depth CuesAccommodationConvergence
Monocular Depth CuesStatic Cues: Position, Size, and Lighting in the Retinal ImagePosition in the Retinal ImagePartial OcclusionRelative HeightSize in the Retinal ImageFamiliar SizeRelative SizeTexture GradientsLinear PerspectiveLighting in the Retinal ImageAtmospheric PerspectiveShadingCast ShadowsDynamic Cues: Movement in the Retinal ImageMotion ParallaxOptic FlowDeletion and Accretion
Binocular Depth Cue: Disparity in the Retinal ImagesBinocular DisparityCorresponding and Noncorresponding Points, and the HoropterCrossed Disparity, Uncrossed Disparity, and Zero DisparityCorrespondence ProblemStereograms and AnaglyphsRandom-Dot StereogramsNeural Basis of Stereopsis
Integrating Depth CuesCheck Your UnderstandingDepth and Perceptual ConstancySize Constancy and Size–Distance InvarianceShape Constancy and Shape–Slant Invariance
Illusions of Depth, Size, and ShapeForced PerspectivePonzo IllusionAmes RoomMoon IllusionTabletop Illusion
APPLICATIONS: 3-D Motion Pictures and TelevisionCheck Your UnderstandingSummaryKey TermsExpand Your UnderstandingRead More About It
Chapter 7: Perceiving MotionVignette: Still Life
Perceptual Organization from MotionPerceptual Grouping Based on Real and Apparent MotionFigure–Ground OrganizationSensitivity to Biological Motion
Eye Movements and the Perception of Motion and StabilityCheck Your UnderstandingNeural Basis of Motion Perception in Area V1 and Area MTA Simple Neural Circuit That Responds to MotionThe Motion AftereffectArea MTMT Neurons Respond Selectively to MotionActivity of MT Neurons Causes Directionally Selective Motion PerceptionDisruption of Area MT Impairs Motion PerceptionThe Aperture Problem: Perceiving the Motion of Objects
APPLICATIONS: Visually Induced Motion SicknessThe How and Why of Motion SicknessCould Artificial Environments Be Made Less Sickening?
SummaryKey TermsExpand Your UnderstandingRead More About It
Chapter 8: Perception for ActionVignette: Inaction
Vision Affects ActionTime to Process Visual FeedbackOptic FlowPrism Adaptation
Action Affects VisionAction PlansAction CapabilitiesVisual Processing in Perihand SpaceAction-Specific Perception
Neural Basis of Perception for ActionThe Role of the Parietal Lobe in Eye Movements, Reaching, and GraspingBimodal Neurons and Hand-Centered Receptive FieldsHandheld Tool UseMirror Neurons
APPLICATIONS: Perception for Action in Baseball: Catching a Fly Ball and Hitting a FastballHow to Catch a Fly BallHow to Hit a Fastball
SummaryKey TermsExpand Your UnderstandingRead More About It
Chapter 9: Attention and AwarenessVignette: Out of Mind, Out of Sight
Selective Attention and the Limits of AwarenessDichotic ListeningInattentional BlindnessAttentional BlinkChange Blindness
Attention to Locations, Features, and ObjectsAttention to LocationsAttention to FeaturesAttention to Objects
Why Attention Is SelectiveThe Binding ProblemCompetition for Neural Representation
Attentional ControlTop-Down and Bottom-Up Attentional ControlValue-Driven Attentional ControlSources of Attentional Control in the Brain
Awareness and the Neural Correlates of ConsciousnessSeeking the NCCs in Perceptual BistabilityWhat Blindsight Reveals About Awareness
APPLICATIONS: MultitaskingTask SwitchingDriving While Talking on a Cell Phone
SummaryKey TermsExpand Your UnderstandingRead More About It
Chapter 10: Sound and the EarsVignette: Dizzy
SoundSources of SoundPhysical and Perceptual Dimensions
of SoundFrequency and PitchAmplitude and LoudnessAudibility Curve: The Absolute Threshold for HearingEqual-Loudness ContoursWaveform and Timbre
The EarPinna, Auditory Canal, and Tympanic MembraneOssicles and Sound AmplificationEustachian Tube
CochleaBasilar MembraneOrgan of CortiStereocilia Bending and Tip LinksInner Hair Cells and Outer Hair Cells
Neural Representation of Frequency and AmplitudeFrequency RepresentationPlace Code for FrequencyPhysiological Frequency Tuning CurvesPsychophysical Frequency Tuning CurvesTemporal Code for FrequencyAmplitude Representation
Disorders of AuditionHearing Tests and AudiogramsConductive Hearing ImpairmentsSensorineural Hearing ImpairmentsAge-Related Hearing ImpairmentNoise-Induced Hearing ImpairmentsTinnitus
APPLICATIONS: Cochlear ImplantsCheck Your UnderstandingSummaryKey TermsExpand Your UnderstandingRead More About It
Chapter 11: The Auditory Brain and Perceiving Auditory ScenesVignette: Hearing Without Recognition
The Auditory BrainAscending Pathways: From the Ear to the BrainDescending Pathways: From the Brain to the EarAuditory Cortex"What" and "Where" Pathways and Other Specialized Regions of the Auditory Brain
Localizing SoundsPerceiving AzimuthInteraural Level DifferencesInteraural Time DifferencesHead Motion and the "Cone of Confusion"Perceiving Elevation
Perceiving DistanceEcholocation by Bats and HumansEchoes and the Precedence EffectLooking While Listening: Vision and Sound LocalizationNeural Basis of Sound Localization
Auditory Scene AnalysisSimultaneous GroupingGrouping by Harmonic CoherenceGrouping by Synchrony or AsynchronySequential GroupingGrouping by Frequency SimilarityGrouping by Temporal ProximityPerceptual Completion of Occluded Sounds
APPLICATIONS: Seeing by HearingCheck Your UnderstandingSummaryKey TermsExpand Your UnderstandingRead More About It
Chapter 12: Perceiving Speech and MusicVignette: "Singing Sounds Like Shouting to Me"
SpeechThe Sounds of Speech: PhonemesProducing the Sounds of SpeechProducing VowelsProducing Consonants
Perceiving the Sounds of SpeechCoarticulation and Perceptual ConstancyCategorical Perception of PhonemesVision and Speech Perception: The McGurk Effect
Knowledge and Speech PerceptionSyntax and SemanticsWord SegmentationPerceptual Completion: Phonemic RestorationBrain Pathways for Speech Perception and Production
MusicDimensions of Music: Pitch, Loudness, Timing, and TimbrePitchLoudness and TimingTimbreMelodyScales and Keys; Consonance and DissonanceKnowledge and Music PerceptionNeural Basis of Music Perception
APPLICATIONS: Speech Recognition by MachinesCheck Your UnderstandingSummaryKey TermsExpand Your UnderstandingRead More About It
Chapter 13: The Body SensesVignette: Watch Yourself!
Tactile Perception: Perceiving Mechanical Stimulation of the SkinSlow-Adapting Type I (SAI) Mechanoreceptors: Perceiving Pattern, Texture, and Shape
Fast-Adapting Type I (FAI) Mechanoreceptors: Perceiving Slip and Maintaining Grip ControlSlow-Adapting Type II (SAII) Mechanoreceptors: Perceiving Skin Stretch and Hand ConformationFast-Adapting Type II (FAII) Mechanoreceptors: Perceiving Fine Textures Through Transmitted VibrationPerceiving Pleasant TouchMechanoreceptor Transduction
Proprioception: Perceiving Position and Movement of the LimbsNociception: Perceiving PainThermoreception: Perceiving TemperatureCheck Your UnderstandingFrom Body to BrainSomatotopic Cortical MapsResponses and Representations in the Somatosensory Cortex and BeyondNeural Responses in Areas S1 and S2Dorsal and Ventral PathwaysCortical Representation of TemperaturePathways for the Discriminative and Affective Dimensions of Pain PerceptionTop-Down Mechanisms of Pain ReductionCortical Plasticity and Phantom Limbs
Haptic Perception: Recognizing Objects by TouchThe Vestibular System: Perceiving Balance and AccelerationCheck Your UnderstandingAPPLICATIONS: Haptic Feedback in Robot-Assisted SurgeryCheck Your UnderstandingSummaryKey TermsExpand Your UnderstandingRead More About It
Chapter 14: Olfaction: Perceiving OdorsVignette: When the Nose Knows Nothing
What Is an Odor?OdorantsDetection and Identification of OdorsDetection Thresholds and Difference ThresholdsIdentifying and Discriminating OdorsThe Role of Odors in Sensing FlavorOlfactory Impairments: Age and Other Factors
Adaptation to OdorsCheck Your UnderstandingAnatomical and Neural Basis of Odor PerceptionThe Olfactory System: From Nose to BrainOlfactory Transduction and the Large Variety of Olfactory ReceptorsAdaptation by Olfactory Receptor NeuronsNeural Code for OdorRepresenting Odors in the BrainSeparate Cortical Representation of Odor Identity and PleasantnessCortical Adaptation to Odors
Odors, Emotion, and MemoryEffects of Odors on Social and Reproductive BehaviorPheromones, Sweat, and TearsHuman Leukocyte Antigen Detection
APPLICATIONS: The eNoseHow eNoses WorkeNoses on Wheels
SummaryKey TermsExpand Your UnderstandingRead More About It
Chapter 15: Gustation: Perceiving Tastes and FlavorsVignette: Poor Taste
What Is Taste? What Is Flavor?Tastants and the Basic TastesThe Perception of Flavor
Anatomical and Neural Basis of Taste and Flavor PerceptionTaste Buds and Taste Receptor CellsFrom Taste Buds to the BrainRepresenting Taste and Flavor in the BrainAdaptation and Cross-AdaptationCognitive Influences in the OFC, and the Flavor of Expensive Wine
Regulating Food IntakeSensory-Specific SatietyRegulating Food Intake in the Absence of Taste
Individual Differences in Taste and Flavor PerceptionCheck Your UnderstandingAPPLICATIONS: How Sweet It Is? The Taste and Use of Artificial SweetenersBrain Responses to Artificial SweetenersBehavioral Responses to Artificial SweetenersArtificial Sweeteners and Weight Loss
SummaryKey TermsExpand Your UnderstandingRead More About It
Appendix: Noise and Signal Detection TheoryNoise in Neural Activity and the Psychometric FunctionCheck Your UnderstandingSignal Detection TheoryA Signal Detection ExperimentSensitivity and Bias
