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Figurative Language ■ Associations and Emphasis 133 UNIT 2

• Phrases (noun phrases)
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE: Word Choice, Imagery, and Symbols INTRODUCING THE WORKSHOP
• Clauses
TRM Lit Links. You may want to introduce this
Associations and Emphasis It’s important to trace a referent to its antecedent so you can make an in- FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE lesson by showing the Schoolhouse Rock video,

formed interpretation. Sometimes referents can be ambiguous if they can apply to “Rufus Xavier Sarsaparilla” to remind students
AP Enduring Understanding (FIG-1) more than one antecedent. This allows the reader to interpret the meaning in new, about pronouns and antecedents. Make a chart
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different ways. Consider the example, “The anniversary of the accident and the
Comparisons, representations, and associations shift meaning from the literal to the rain brought everyone’s mood down: it was heavy.” The pronoun “it” is the referent, of important pronouns. Then, have students go
figurative and invite readers to interpret a text. but it could refer to one of two antecedents: the anniversary of the accident (which back to a story (or portion of a story) from Unit 1
may be emotionally taxing) or the large amount of rain falling. and mark the author’s use of pronouns, drawing
a line to connect pronouns with their antecedents.
In a broader sense, the term antecedent refers to something prior. So, when Ask students to identify places where the author
People use associations to make meaning in everyday life. For example, when you consider the plot or structure of a work of literature, antecedent action refers was intentionally ambiguous with pronoun
commercials repeat messages about “great low prices” or a product’s high quality, to an action or event that took place prior to the plot of the text; sometimes, this is references. Remind students that watching for
KEY POINT companies hope that you associate their brands with these positive ideas. referred to later in the text and may affect interpretation. pronouns and identifying their antecedents in
Distributed by Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers. Strictly for use with its products. Not for redistribution.
In addition, you may have experienced a conversation at some point in your
Authors use life when someone makes an association that is unclear to you. For example, a poems may bring clarity to understanding the
referents and person might say, “They’re all out to get me!” without clarifying who the term Repetition poem and to encouraging insightful
repetition to create Humans are pattern seekers who tend to notice and recall when something is interpretations.
associations within “they’re” refers to. In this instance, it may not be crucial to understand what the repeated. Authors repeat words, sounds, phrases, clauses, or images in texts to
their works. These person means, but in other instances, ambiguity could change the entire meaning create emphasis or to make associations by repeating through a refrain or using
associations may of the sentence. Consider the following example: “When guests come over, Samuel synonyms for an important word or phrase. WORKSHOP RESOURCES
emphasize an idea, often brings his dog to the living room because he loves to give sloppy, wet kisses.”
create intentional Is Samuel just very affectionate with his guests or does he have a very friendly dog? Writers may also deploy alliteration by choosing words with the same begin- TRM All of the following resources for this

ambiguity, or trace a ning sound. This technique makes an image or phrase memorable and rhythmic; it section can be found in the Teacher’s Resource
concept throughout creates associations between sound and meaning as well. Of course, we are familiar Materials on the digital platform and individually
the text. Associations Connect Elements with alliteration in daily life, as it is common in brand names, such as “Dunkin at point of use.
within a Text Donuts” and “Bed Bath and Beyond.” Handout: Linguistic Associations
Authors have several different ways of signaling to readers that details are Graphic Organizer: Analyzing Linguistic
important. There are two types of associations: writers may choose words, INSIDER Ambiguity may be intentional. An author may cre- Associations
images, and symbols that they believe will create emotional connections with AP ® TIP ate intentional ambiguity by keeping the relationship
their readers, or they may make syntactical choices such as antecedents, repeti- between a referent and an antecedent open-ended. This ®
leaves the text open to a broader range of interpreta-
tion, and ambiguity to create associations within a literary work. Because these tions, meanings, and implications. AP CLASSROOM RESOURCES
associations move beyond the literal, they are a type of figurative language. In AP Daily Videos
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short, figurative language draws upon the literal and concrete to reveal the intan- AP Topic Questions
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gible and abstract ideas. Copyright (c) 2023 Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers. Uncorrected proofs were used with this sample chapter.
LINGUISTIC ASSOCIATIONS TRM Handout: Linguistic Associations
Antecedents and Referents Literary Element Description Effect
An antecedent is a device in which a word or pronoun in a line or sentence refers Antecedents Authors refer to nouns, pronouns, Pronouns stand in for nouns used earlier.
to an earlier one. Generally speaking, antecedents refer to the noun that a pronoun phrases, or clauses expressed The noun a pronoun replaces is called
replaces and refers to. in earlier parts of a text. The first the antecedent.
To make an association, authors connect two parts: a referent and an or initial instance is called the Words, phrases, sentences, or stanzas
antecedent. An antecedent is a word, phrase, or clause that comes before its antecedent of the referent. may come between the pronoun and its
referent. Referents can be the following: antecedent.
Ambiguity may be created if referents can
• Pronouns refer to more than one antecedent.
• Nouns
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